Trish Gorely  David Bruce 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2000,1(2):89-101

Objectives: To investigate whether there are subtypes within the contemplation stage and to investigate whether self-efficacy and decisional balance changed in the manner predicted by the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) for individuals who adopted physical activity without intervention.Method: Participants were 118 adults (age range 18–66 years, MEAN=39.9 years) who were in contemplation at baseline. Participants completed two questionnaires assessing stage of exercise behaviour, self-efficacy and decisional balance 6 months apart.Results: Based on self-efficacy and pros and cons, three interpretable clusters were identified within the contemplation stage. Cluster membership influenced stage movement during the six months. Self-efficacy increased for those who adopted exercise and there was a significant increase in pros scores at 6 months for those who had recently adopted exercise.Conclusions: The existence of sub-stages indicates a true temporal order for the stages and has implications for closely tailoring interventions to the needs of the individual. Increasing self-efficacy and pros, and lowering cons is important in facilitating movement within the contemplation stage and from contemplation to action/maintenance.  相似文献   

    

Bruce  Rind David  Strohmetz 《Journal of applied social psychology》1999,29(1):139-144

Research has shown that servers can increase their tip percentages by writing \"Thank you\" or by drawing a happy face on the backs of customers' checks. In the current study, a third approach of this type was tested. An experiment was conducted in which a female server either did or did not write a helpful message about an upcoming dinner special on the backs of checks before delivering them to customers. It was predicted that adding the helpful message would increase tip percentages because of reciprocity, in which customers would tend to respond to the server's \"tip\" with an increased tip of their own. Results were consistent with this prediction: Mean tip percentages increased from about 17% to 20%.  相似文献   

    

Daniel R. Smith  Bruce N. Walker 《Applied cognitive psychology》2005,19(8):1065-1087

Research on auditory graph interpretation has investigated mappings, scalings, and polarities, as well as the addition of some contextual design features like clicks. However, little has been done to quantify the benefits of those or other design features, or to investigate training in specific sonification tasks such as point estimation. In Study 1, 160 undergraduates listened to auditory graphs and estimated exact dollar values at specific points in the graph. X‐axis context (clicks) improved performance by aiding time calibration. Y‐axis context (reference tones) that provided scaling cues improved performance. In Study 2, listeners performed similar tasks with continuous as opposed to discrete stimuli, and with or without training. X‐axis clicks did not help in this case. Training improved performance overall. When there was no training, y‐axis context improved performance to the level of trained listeners, suggesting the effects of training and y‐axis were comparable, but not additive. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

    

Vintere P  Hemmes NS  Brown BL  Poulson CL 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2004,37(3):305-322

The effects of two training procedures--(a) modeling and praise and (b) self-instruction, modeling, and praise--on complex gross-motor chain acquisition for preschool dance class students were evaluated. Six girls participated in the study. A multiple baseline design across six gross-motor chains with a secondary group comparison for treatment order effects was used. Both procedures were effective in teaching the gross-motor chains. Nevertheless, for 4 of the 6 participants, the self-instruction procedure produced a faster acquisition rate in at least two of the three comparable pairs of gross-motor chains. Furthermore, very early in gross-motor chain acquisition, for five of the six gross-motor chains, the self-instruction condition was associated with faster response acquisition.  相似文献   

    

Yuko Munakata  J. Bruce Morton  Benjamin E. Yerys 《Developmental science》2003,6(5):471-473

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McCandliss BD  Cohen L  Dehaene S 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2003,7(7):293-299

Brain imaging studies reliably localize a region of visual cortex that is especially responsive to visual words. This brain specialization is essential to rapid reading ability because it enhances perception of words by becoming specifically tuned to recurring properties of a writing system. The origin of this specialization poses a challenge for evolutionary accounts involving innate mechanisms for functional brain organization. We propose an alternative account, based on studies of other forms of visual expertise (i.e. bird and car experts) that lead to functional reorganization. We argue that the interplay between the unique demands of word reading and the structural constraints of the visual system lead to the emergence of the Visual Word Form Area.  相似文献   

    

Bruce Thompson 《Counseling and values》2006,50(3):176-186

Effect sizes (e.g., Cohen's d, Glass's Δ, η², adjusted R², ω²) quantify the extent to which sample results diverge from the expectations specified in the null hypothesis. The present article addresses 5 related questions. First, is the advocacy for reporting and interpreting effect sizes part of the controversy over statistical significance testing? Second, why cannot p values be used as effect sizes? Third, what are the various categories of effect sizes and some commonly used examples of each type? Fourth, how should effect sizes be interpreted? Fifth, what are some recommendations for further reading?  相似文献   

    

R D Caplan  R C Tripathi  R K Naidu 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1985,48(1):180-197

Hypotheses were tested regarding the effects of subjective current, retrospected, and anticipated person-environment fit on affective and somatic strain and well-being. Two-hundred seven university students preparing for annual academic examinations at an Indian university completed self-administered questionnaires measuring parameters of the hypotheses. A distinction was made between cognitive (e.g., meeting demands for intelligence, good memory) and motivational (e.g., being able to muster the effort) fit. Cognitive poor fit had a greater effect on predicting high levels of strain across all time frames but did best in the past and current frames. Motivational poor fit had its greatest effect on strain when poor fit dealt with anticipated or current fit. These findings are discussed in terms of hypotheses, which suggest that the more subjectively uncontrollable a dimension of fit, the more salient it is in the past time frame, whereas the more subjectively controllable the dimension, the more salient it is in the future time frame.  相似文献   

    

Bruce K Britton  Deborah Richardson  Stevens S Smith  Tom Hamilton 《Teaching of Psychology》1983,10(3):146-149

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Melvin G. Villeme  Bruce Hall 《The Journal of Humanistic Counseling》1980,19(2):85-90

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