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931.
Becker M Vignoles VL Owe E Brown R Smith PB Easterbrook M Herman G de Sauvage I Bourguignon D Torres A Camino L Lemos FC Ferreira MC Koller SH González R Carrasco D Cadena MP Lay S Wang Q Bond MH Trujillo EV Balanta P Valk A Mekonnen KH Nizharadze G Fülöp M Regalia C Manzi C Brambilla M Harb C Aldhafri S Martin M Macapagal ME Chybicka A Gavreliuc A Buitendach J Gallo IS Ozgen E Güner UE Yamakoğlu N 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2012,102(4):833-855
The motive to attain a distinctive identity is sometimes thought to be stronger in, or even specific to, those socialized into individualistic cultures. Using data from 4,751 participants in 21 cultural groups (18 nations and 3 regions), we tested this prediction against our alternative view that culture would moderate the ways in which people achieve feelings of distinctiveness, rather than influence the strength of their motivation to do so. We measured the distinctiveness motive using an indirect technique to avoid cultural response biases. Analyses showed that the distinctiveness motive was not weaker-and, if anything, was stronger-in more collectivistic nations. However, individualism-collectivism was found to moderate the ways in which feelings of distinctiveness were constructed: Distinctiveness was associated more closely with difference and separateness in more individualistic cultures and was associated more closely with social position in more collectivistic cultures. Multilevel analysis confirmed that it is the prevailing beliefs and values in an individual's context, rather than the individual's own beliefs and values, that account for these differences. 相似文献
932.
Gausel N Leach CW Vignoles VL Brown R 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2012,102(5):941-960
Research on shame about in-group moral failure has yielded paradoxical results. In some studies, shame predicts self-defensive motivations to withdraw. In other studies, shame predicts pro-social motivations, such as restitution. We think that this paradox can be explained by disentangling the numerous appraisals and feelings subsumed under the label "shame." In 2 studies, we asked community samples of Norwegians about their in-group's discrimination against the Tater minority. Confirmatory factor analysis validated the measures of the appraisals and feelings used in Study 1 (N = 206) and Study 2 (N = 173). In both studies, an appraisal of the in-group as suffering a moral defect best predicted felt shame, whereas an appraisal of concern for condemnation of the in-group best predicted felt rejection. In both studies, felt rejection best predicted self-defensive motivation, whereas felt shame best predicted pro-social motivation. Implications for conceptualizing and studying shame are discussed. 相似文献
933.
Pamela Beth Harris 《Philosophia》2012,40(2):271-283
This paper seeks a better understanding of the role of public reason in alimenting or defusing religious conflicts by looking
at how courts apply it in deciding cases arising out of them. Recent scholarship and judicial decisions suggest, paradoxically,
that courts can be biased towards either the secular or the religious. This risks alienating both religious majorities and
religious and secular minorities. Judicial public reason is uniquely equipped to protect minorities, and its costs to religious
majorities may be mitigated by accepting religious morality and identity claims in the political and legislative realm. Despite
the political fragilities of judicial public reason, it is not intrinsically hostile to religious claims. It ought in fact
to be fully equipped to recognize the equality and religious freedom rights that religious groups and individuals might assert
in pursuing exemptions from general secular laws. Judicial public reason does have the potential to defuse religious conflicts,
however much it falls short in practice. 相似文献
934.
In two experiments, we investigated how auditory–motor learning influences performers’ memory for music. Skilled pianists
learned novel melodies in four conditions: auditory only (listening), motor only (performing without sound), strongly coupled
auditory–motor (normal performance), and weakly coupled auditory–motor (performing along with auditory recordings). Pianists’
recognition of the learned melodies was better following auditory-only or auditory–motor (weakly coupled and strongly coupled)
learning than following motor-only learning, and better following strongly coupled auditory–motor learning than following
auditory-only learning. Auditory and motor imagery abilities modulated the learning effects: Pianists with high auditory imagery
scores had better recognition following motor-only learning, suggesting that auditory imagery compensated for missing auditory
feedback at the learning stage. Experiment 2 replicated the findings of Experiment 1 with melodies that contained greater variation in acoustic features. Melodies that were slower and less variable in tempo
and intensity were remembered better following weakly coupled auditory–motor learning. These findings suggest that motor learning
can aid performers’ auditory recognition of music beyond auditory learning alone, and that motor learning is influenced by
individual abilities in mental imagery and by variation in acoustic features. 相似文献
935.
936.
Brown JD 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2012,38(2):209-219
People evaluate themselves more positively than they evaluate most other people. Although this better than average (BTA) effect was originally thought to represent a motivated bias, several cognitively oriented theorists have questioned whether this is the case. In support of a motivational model, the author reports five studies showing that the BTA effect is stronger for important attributes than unimportant ones (all five studies) and that once attribute importance is taken into account, the effect occurs when self-evaluations are compared with a single peer (Study 2) and when self is specified as the referent rather than the target (Study 4). Finally, Study 5 shows that the BTA effect increases in magnitude after participants experience a threat to their feelings of self-worth. Collectively, these findings establish that motivational processes underlie the BTA effect. 相似文献
937.
The present research examined cultural differences in the type and frequency of support provided as well as the motivations underlying these behaviors. Study 1, an open-ended survey, asked participants about their social interactions in the past 24 hours and found that European Americans reported providing emotion-focused support more frequently than problem-focused support, whereas Japanese exhibited the opposite pattern. Study 2, a closed-ended questionnaire study, found that, in response to the close other's big stressor, European Americans provided more emotion-focused support whereas Japanese provided equivalent amounts of emotion-focused and problem-focused support. In addition, Study 2 examined motivational explanations for these differences. Social support provision was motivated by the goal of closeness and increasing recipient self-esteem among European Americans, but only associated with the motive for closeness among Japanese. These studies illustrate the importance of considering cultural context and its role in determining the meaning and function of various support behaviors. 相似文献
938.
Arnold DH Wegener SV Brown F Mattingley JB 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2012,38(5):1078-1084
Grapheme-color synesthesia is an atypical condition in which individuals experience sensations of color when reading printed graphemes such as letters and digits. For some grapheme-color synesthetes, seeing a printed grapheme triggers a sensation of color, but hearing the name of a grapheme does not. This dissociation allowed us to compare the precision with which synesthetes are able to match their color experiences triggered by visible graphemes, with the precision of their matches for recalled colors based on the same graphemes spoken aloud. In six synesthetes, color matching for printed graphemes was equally variable relative to recalled experiences. In a control experiment, synesthetes and age-matched controls either matched the color of a circular patch while it was visible on a screen, or they judged its color from memory after it had disappeared. Both synesthetes and controls were more variable when matching from memory, and the variance of synesthetes' recalled color judgments matched that associated with their synesthetic judgments for visible graphemes in the first experiment. Results suggest that synesthetic experiences of color triggered by achromatic graphemes are analogous to recollections of color. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
939.
Research suggests that attention is attracted to evolutionary threats (e.g., snakes) due to an evolved "fear-module" that automatically detects biological threats to survival. However, recent evidence indicates that non-evolutionary threats (e.g., guns) capture and hold attention as well, suggesting a more general "threat-relevance" mechanism that directs attentional resources toward any potential danger in the environment. The current research measured how selective attentional resources were influenced both by the type of threat (e.g., snake vs. gun) and by the context in which the threat was encountered. Participants were primed with either natural or human-made environments to assess how these contexts influence attention to evolutionary and non-evolutionary threats, as measured by a spatial-cueing task. The results indicate that whether biological or non-biological threats receive greater attentional processing is determined by the context in which they are encountered. 相似文献
940.