On the difficulty of noticing obvious features in patient appearance

Medical students and experts were given head-and-shoulder photographs of patients, each showing a key feature of the patient's problem. Three quarters of these pictures were taken from textbooks. Noticing these supposedly obvious features was difficult and strongly influenced by contextual factors. Both experts and students gained about 20% in diagnostic accuracy by having the key features verbally described for them, although these were clearly visible on the photographs. Conversely, both experts and students reported seeing more of these features when the correct diagnosis was suggested to them. This facilitation resulted from an increase in sensitivity to depicted features, rather than a response bias. The properties of these features that allow such failures of noticing are discussed.     

Beyond family‐level adversities: Exploring the developmental timing of neighborhood disadvantage effects on the brain

A growing literature suggests that adversity is associated with later altered brain function, particularly within the corticolimbic system that supports emotion processing and salience detection (e.g., amygdala, prefrontal cortex [PFC]). Although neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage has been shown to predict maladaptive behavioral outcomes, particularly for boys, most of the research linking adversity to corticolimbic function has focused on family‐level adversities. Moreover, although animal models and studies of normative brain development suggest that there may be sensitive periods during which adversity exerts stronger effects on corticolimbic development, little prospective evidence exists in humans. Using two low‐income samples of boys (n = 167; n = 77), Census‐derived neighborhood disadvantage during early childhood, but not adolescence, was uniquely associated with greater amygdala, but not PFC, reactivity to ambiguous neutral faces in adolescence and young adulthood. These associations remained after accounting for several family‐level adversities (e.g., low family income, harsh parenting), highlighting the independent and developmentally specific neural effects of the neighborhood context. Furthermore, in both samples, indicators measuring income and poverty status of neighbors were predictive of amygdala function, suggesting that neighborhood economic resources may be critical to brain development.     

Status Seeking and Manipulative Self‐presentation

Three studies examine the relation of dispositional status‐seeking with workplace self‐presentation behaviors. The first study showed that the status‐seeking motive provided incremental prediction, over and above narcissism and self‐monitoring, in self‐reported exaggerating, faking, and fabricating in job search. The second study showed that, after controlling for the traits from the five factor model of personality, status‐seeking predicted the undesirable job‐search behaviors, as well as use of impression‐management tactics at work. A field study showed that employee status seeking explained supervisor impressions of employee supplication and ingratiation, even after controlling for task and contextual performance. Male status‐seekers were also more likely to engage in intimidation. Status‐seeking appears to be an important motive for understanding manipulative self‐presentation at work.     

From synonyms to homonyms: exploring the role of metarepresentation in language understanding

Doherty and Perner (Metalinguistic awareness and theory of mind: just two words for the same thing? Cognitive Development, 13 (1998), 279–305) report that children’s understanding of synonyms and false belief is dependent on an understanding of the representational mind. Experiment 1 extends this finding by examining children’s understanding of homonyms. Children aged 3 and 4 years were asked to judge whether a puppet correctly selected the second member of a homonym pair. Performance on this task was strongly associated with performance on the false belief task even after chronological and verbal mental age had been accounted for. Experiment 2 incorporated two new tasks: a synonyms task and an adjectives task. Understanding of synonyms and homonyms significantly predicted performance on the false belief task. However, once chronological age was accounted for, only performance on the homonyms task did so. The difficulty experienced on the homonyms task was not due to a reluctance to acknowledge that the puppet can point to a different picture when the the same word label is used twice. Children had no difficulty on the adjectives task when the puppet had to point to a different picture described using the same adjective. The suggestion that the understanding of synonyms, homonyms and false belief are related by a common insight into the representational mind is therefore not supported.     

How Perceptions Impact Recovery from Concussion in Childhood and Adolescence: a Systematic Review

Neuropsychology Review - Perceptions about the causes and consequences of concussion, and individual representations and interpretations of these factors, can influence the post-concussive recovery...     

心理学视角下的道德损伤

道德损伤是指个体实施、未能阻止、目睹或听闻违背自身深层的道德信念和期望的行为,对心理、生理、精神、行为和社会的持久影响。道德损伤作为一个跨学科概念,自2009年Litz从心理学角度对其重新做出界定以来,在心理学、伦理学、精神病学、社会学等领域引起了广泛关注。目前研究者已经编制出多个多维度量表来对道德损伤的事件或症状进行测量,运用认知行为疗法、认知加工疗法和针对道德损伤研发的适当暴露疗法等措施来进行干预。未来的研究可以继续深入探究道德损伤的发生发展机制,确立道德损伤的诊断标准,推广道德损伤的适用范围,丰富道德损伤的内涵,从而拓展道德损伤研究的广度和深度。     

《金匮要略》"调和"思想及在肝病证治上的运用

中医"调和"思想之学理源自<内经>,光大于仲景<金匮要略>,其精髓在于动态调整、趋于和谐,大略为未病之时重调摄、既病防变需调理、病瘥防复宜调养,在肝病证治中体现为调中焦和少阳.试图阐明这一思想的渊源、内涵和实际运用之道.     

Multiple Identity Considerations Among African American Christian Men Experiencing Same‐Sex Attraction

The authors explored the experiences of African American men who identified as Christian and experienced same‐sex attraction. Participants completed an online questionnaire addressing experiences of same‐sex attraction; meaning attributed to their attractions; the sharing of their experiences with others; and perceptions regarding the intersection of their faith, race, and sexual identity. Most respondents (61.5%) felt different from their peers for gender‐related reasons, and most (80.8%) had had homoerotic experiences during the teenage years. Over 40% of participants indicated that their primary identity was Christian, and several shared their experience sorting out attributions and meanings associated with same‐sex attraction in light of their racial and/or religious identities.     

盆腔炎性疾病的预防

盆腔炎性疾病(pelvic inflammatory disease,PID)是影响妇女健康的常见病,针对其发病的诱因,预防PID可以从以下几个方面进行:(1)加强性教育,减少性传播疾病;(2)积极做好妇女的卫生保健指导工作;(3)重视筛查、早期诊断及一次性根治下生殖道感染;(4)提高医务人员的理论水平和技术,避免医源性感染;(5)持续正确选择避孕措施;(6)避免阴道冲洗.此外,长期放置宫内节育器不会增加PID的风险;口服避孕药对PID无明显预防作用,而仅仅与减轻其严重症状有关.