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151.
Murray Sandra L. Bellavia Gina Feeney Brooke Holmes John G. Rose Paul 《Motivation and emotion》2001,25(2):163-189
Existing research suggests that people with high, but not low, self-esteem use their dating partners' love and acceptance as a resource for self-affirmation when faced with personal shortcomings. The present research examines the role that perceived contingencies of acceptance play in mediating these effects. In Experiment 1, we activated either conditional or unconditional working models and then gave experimental participants failure feedback on an intelligence test. In Experiment 2, we activated thoughts of rejection (or control thoughts) and then gave experimental participants feedback suggesting that their romantic partners would discover their secret sides. Experiment 1 revealed that low and high self-esteem women both embellished their partners' love and acceptance to compensate for self-doubt when the unconditional audience was primed. When rejection was primed in Experiment 2, however, high self-esteem men reacted to the self-threat by doubting their partners' love. These findings suggest that people with low self-esteem may not typically use their relationships to self-affirm because contingencies linking failure to rejection and acceptance to success are chronically accessible in their interpersonal schemas. 相似文献
152.
Previous research on gaze behaviour in sport has typically reported summary fixation statistics thereby largely ignoring the
temporal sequencing of gaze. In the present study on penalty kicking in soccer, our aim was to apply a Markov chain modelling
method to eye movement data obtained from goalkeepers. Building on the discrete analysis of gaze employed by Dicks et al.
(Atten Percept Psychophys 72(3):706–720, 2010b), we wanted to statistically model the relative probabilities of the goalkeeper’s gaze being directed to different locations
throughout the penalty taker’s approach (Dicks et al. in Atten Percept Psychophys 72(3):706–720, 2010b). Examination of gaze behaviours under in situ and video-simulation task constraints reveals differences in information pickup
for perception and action (Attention, Perception and Psychophysics 72(3), 706–720). The probabilities of fixating anatomical
locations of the penalty taker were high under simulated movement response conditions. In contrast, when actually required
to intercept kicks, the goalkeepers initially favoured watching the penalty taker’s head but then rapidly shifted focus directly
to the ball for approximately the final second prior to foot-ball contact. The increased spatio-temporal demands of in situ
interceptive actions over laboratory-based simulated actions lead to different visual search strategies being used. When eye
movement data are modelled as time series, it is possible to discern subtle but important behavioural characteristics that
are less apparent with discrete summary statistics alone. 相似文献
153.
Kent KM Pelham WE Molina BS Sibley MH Waschbusch DA Yu J Gnagy EM Biswas A Babinski DE Karch KM 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(3):451-462
This study compared the high school academic experience of adolescents with and without childhood ADHD using data from the
Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS). Participants were 326 males with childhood ADHD and 213 demographically similar
males without ADHD who were recruited at the start of the follow-up study. Data were collected yearly from parents, teachers
and schools. The current study used assessment points at which the participants were currently in or had recently completed
grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. Results indicated that adolescents with ADHD experienced significant academic impairment in high
school relative to comparison adolescents, including lower overall and main academic subject grade point averages (GPA), lower
levels of class placement (e.g. remedial vs. honors), and higher rates of course failure. In addition, teacher reports indicated
that adolescents with ADHD completed and turned in a significantly lower percentage of assignments and were significantly
less likely to be working up to their potential. Adolescents with ADHD were also significantly more likely to be absent or
tardy during the academic year, and they were over eight times more likely than adolescents without ADHD to drop out of high
school. These findings demonstrate that children with ADHD continue to experience severe academic impairment into high school. 相似文献
154.
Allison L. Wainer Brooke R. Ingersoll Christopher J. Hopwood 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(4):459-469
The broader autism phenotype (BAP) is a subclinical behavioral phenotype that is qualitatively similar to autism spectrum
disorders (ASDs). Research on the BAP has used different conceptualizations of this construct. To more closely approximate
the nature of the BAP, the current study utilized traditional construct validation methods to identify the BAP structure and
characterize its nomological net in undergraduates. A conjoint exploratory factor analysis of the scales from three self-report
measures of the construct was used to derive three robust BAP dimensions reflecting pragmatic language difficulties, aloofness,
and rigidity. These dimensions were then correlated with theoretically-relevant personality, psychopathology, and interest
variables in order to evaluate the criterion validity of the BAP. Correlations were generally consistent with our predictions
and showed strongest relations between BAP dimensions and poor communication skills, impaired social functioning, and behavioral
and cognitive rigidity. This research represents a first step in the identification and utilization of a common conceptualization
of the BAP. 相似文献
155.
Previous research has shown that there are cultural differences in self-concept consistency across situations. However, little is known about cultural differences in preference consistency over time. The present research examined whether Americans are more consistent in their preferences over time than are Japanese. As hypothesized, there were cultural differences in self-reported ( and ) and actual ( and ) preference consistency over time. Further, cultural differences in preference consistency at the individual level (Study 1) were found to aggregate into collective level differences ( and ) in the consistency of preference trends, such as the popularity of baby names. Implications and future directions are discussed. 相似文献
156.
Walther CA Cheong J Molina BS Pelham WE Wymbs BT Belendiuk KA Pedersen SL 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2012,26(3):585-598
Several domains of parenting have been identified as important for adolescent well-being. Whether these same domains are equally beneficial for adolescents with ADHD histories remains an empirical and clinically important question. This study examined whether parental knowledge of their teen's activities and whereabouts, consistency, support, and parent-adolescent conflict are associated with substance use and delinquency similarly for adolescents with and without a diagnosis of ADHD in childhood. A sample of 242 adolescents, 142 diagnosed with ADHD in childhood and prospectively followed into adolescence, and 100 without ADHD in childhood, were the focus of study. The relations between adolescent-reported outcomes (i.e., substance use and delinquency) and parenting behaviors were tested using latent variable modeling to determine both the effects of general (common) and specific (unique) parenting behaviors for participants with and without a history of ADHD. Adolescents' report of parental knowledge was a significant correlate of delinquency and substance use above and beyond other parenting variables and the variance in common across the parenting variables. More knowledge was associated with less delinquency and substance use for all participants, but parental knowledge was more strongly associated with alcohol use for adolescents with versus without childhood ADHD. These correlational findings suggest that, despite the increased difficulty of parenting youths with ADHD histories, actions taken by parents and youth to increase parental awareness may provide some protection against behavioral transgressions known to be elevated in this population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
157.
158.
Phillip Atiba Goff Brooke Allison Lewis Di Leone Kimberly Barsamian Kahn 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2012,48(5):1111-1116
Two studies explored the gendered nature of racial discrimination for Black men, focusing on the relationship between race, discrimination, and masculinity threat. Specifically, we hypothesized that racial discrimination may also represent a threat to Black, but not White, men's masculinity. Both studies examined the target's perspective (i.e. Black and White men's perspectives) on the experience of racism and threat. Black men who experienced discrimination reported greater endorsement of male gender norms and were more vigilant to masculinity threat cues than were those who did not experience discrimination. Additionally, Black men engaged in masculine-typed behaviors–for our purposes, completing more pushups–in proportion to their experience of masculinity threat. Conversely, White men disengaged from the pushup task after experiencing discrimination. Study 2 suggests that White men's disengagement is mediated by affirming their social status. Our data suggest the importance of considering the gendered consequences of racial discrimination toward subordinate-group men. 相似文献
159.
160.
Bradley T. Erford Taryn Richards Elizabeth Peacock Karen Voith Heather McGair Brooke Muller Kelly Duncan Catherine Y. Chang 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2013,91(2):152-172
This meta‐analysis included 111 clinical trials exploring the effectiveness of counseling/psychotherapy and guided self‐help approaches in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. In general, single‐group studies supported higher efficacy of counseling/psychotherapy, whereas wait‐list, treatment‐as‐usual, and placebo studies indicated both approaches were equally effective at termination (posttest) and follow‐up in altering binging, purging, laxative use, and self‐reported bulimia or body dissatisfaction perceptions in nearly all comparisons. 相似文献