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51.
John G Nicholls 《Journal of research in personality》1976,10(3):306-315
Evaluative responses to imagined task outcomes were found to depend on the question asked, as well as on perceptions of effort and ability. When university students were asked when they would experience pride or shame, they indicated effort would increase pride over success and reduce shame over failure. On the other hand, when asked what type of person they would like to be they chose high ability regardless of outcome. This modified Weiner's (1972) statement of the relation of causal attributions and affective expression. Individual differences in responses to these questions related to differences in self-concept of ability. This result suggested extensions of the attributional analysis of achievement motivation. 相似文献
52.
53.
Kristi E. Pruiksma Brooke Fina Jessica R. Dietch Katherine A. Dondanville Jacob Williams Edward C. Wright Alma Molino Brittany Hall-Clark Karin L. Nicholson Alan L. Peterson Daniel J. Taylor 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2018,25(4):515-530
Insomnia is highly prevalent among active-duty military service members. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is a well-established and effective treatment; however, research and treatment recommendations have primarily focused on civilian or veteran populations. A multitude of military-specific factors directly impact service members’ sleep and the subsequent treatment recommendations. This article provides treatment considerations for the use of CBT-I with active-duty U.S. Army personnel. First, an overview of the theoretical model of insomnia, including military-specific predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors, is presented, followed by a review of common comorbid conditions among service members with insomnia. Finally, discussion focuses on considerations and strategies for implementing components of CBT-I with service members, managing sleep during deployments, and adjusting sleep to accommodate overnight duties. Additional training resources and supplemental video examples (with actors) are provided. 相似文献
54.
Elizabeth Nicholls Catriona M. E. Ryan Catherine M. L. Bryant Stephen E. G. Lea 《Animal cognition》2011,14(1):21-34
Two experiments examined whether pigeons discriminate polymorphous categories on the basis of a single highly predictive feature
or overall similarity. In the first experiment, pigeons were trained to discriminate between categories of photographs of
complex real objects. Within these pictures, single features had been manipulated to produce a highly salient texture cue.
Either the picture or the texture provided a reliable cue for discrimination during training, but in probe tests, the picture
and texture cues were put into conflict. Some pigeons showed a significant tendency to discriminate on the basis of the picture
cue (overall similarity or family resemblance), whereas others appeared to rely on the manipulated texture cue. The second
experiment used artificial polymorphous categories in which one dimension of the stimulus provided a completely reliable cue
to category membership, whereas three other dimensions provided cues that were individually unreliable but collectively provided
a completely reliable basis for discrimination. Most pigeons came under the control of the reliable cue rather than the unreliable
cues. A minority, however, came under the control of single dimensions from the unreliable set. We conclude that cue salience
can be more important than cue reliability in determining what features will control behavior when multiple cues are available. 相似文献
55.
Tremblay S Nicholls AP Alford D Jones DM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2000,26(6):1750-1754
Memory for order is markedly impaired by the presence of irrelevant sound, even though participants are instructed to ignore the sound. Although a great deal of research has disclosed some features of the task and of the sound that augment or reduce the degree of interference, one important issue of the irrelevant sound effect not yet resolved is whether speech has a special status. This study revealed, within a design of adequate power, that the same physical stimulus (sine wave speech), whether perceived as speech or as nonspeech sound, produces similar degrees of disruption and is less disruptive of serial recall than natural speech. This outcome suggests that the acoustic constituents of sound rather than its source are most influential in determining the impact of irrelevant material. 相似文献
56.
Touch communicates distinct emotions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The study of emotional signaling has focused almost exclusively on the face and voice. In 2 studies, the authors investigated whether people can identify emotions from the experience of being touched by a stranger on the arm (without seeing the touch). In the 3rd study, they investigated whether observers can identify emotions from watching someone being touched on the arm. Two kinds of evidence suggest that humans can communicate numerous emotions with touch. First, participants in the United States (Study 1) and Spain (Study 2) could decode anger, fear, disgust, love, gratitude, and sympathy via touch at much-better-than-chance levels. Second, fine-grained coding documented specific touch behaviors associated with different emotions. In Study 3, the authors provide evidence that participants can accurately decode distinct emotions by merely watching others communicate via touch. The findings are discussed in terms of their contributions to affective science and the evolution of altruism and cooperation. 相似文献
57.
Mershin A Pavlopoulos E Fitch O Braden BC Nanopoulos DV Skoulakis EM 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2004,11(3):277-287
Mutations in the neuronal-specific microtubule-binding protein TAU are associated with several dementias and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the effects of elevated TAU accumulation on behavioral plasticity are unknown. We report that directed expression of wild-type vertebrate and Drosophila TAU in adult mushroom body neurons, centers for olfactory learning and memory in Drosophila, strongly compromised associative olfactory learning and memory, but olfactory conditioning-relevant osmotactic and mechanosensory responses remained intact. In addition, TAU accumulation in mushroom body neurons did not result in detectable neurodegeneration or premature death. Therefore, TAU-mediated structural or functional perturbation of the microtubular cytoskeleton in mushroom body neurons is likely causal of the behavioral deficit. These results indicate that behavioral plasticity decrements may be the earliest detectable manifestations of tauopathies. 相似文献
58.
Micah B. Goldwater Samuel J. Gershman Caroline Moul Charles Ludowici Amy Burton Brittany Killer Rebecca‐Lee Kuhnert Kate Ridgway 《Developmental science》2020,23(5)
Research into the development of Theory of Mind (ToM) has shown how children from a very early age infer other people's goals. However, human behaviour is sometimes driven not by plans to achieve goals, but by habits, which are formed over long periods of reinforcement. Habitual and goal‐directed behaviours are often aligned with one another but can diverge when the optimal behavioural policy changes without being directly reinforced (thus specifically hobbling the habitual learning strategy). Unlike the flexibility of goal‐directed behaviour, rigid habits can cause agents to persist in behaviour that is no longer adaptive. In the current study, all children predict agents will tend to behave consistently with their goals, but between the ages of 5 and 10, children showed an increasing understanding of how habits can cause agents to persistently take suboptimal actions. These findings stand out from the typical way the development of social reasoning is examined, which instead focuses on children's increasing appreciation of how others' beliefs or expectations affect how they will act in service of their goals. The current findings show that children also learn that under certain circumstances, people's actions are suboptimal despite potentially ‘knowing better.’ 相似文献
59.
Tiffany Kodak Mary Halbur Samantha Bergmann Dayna R. Costello Brittany Benitez Miranda Olsen Ella Gorgan Terra Cliett 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(1):265-283
Previous studies on skill acquisition have taught targets in stimulus sets composed of different numbers of stimuli. Although the rationale for selection of a stimulus set size is not clear, the number of target stimuli trained within a set is a treatment decision for which there is limited empirical support. The current investigation compared the efficiency of tact training in 4 stimulus set sizes, each of which included 12 stimuli grouped into (a) 4 sets of 3 stimuli, (b) 3 sets of 4 stimuli, (c) 2 sets of 6 stimuli, and (d) 1 set of 12 stimuli. Results of all 4 participants with autism spectrum disorder show tact training with larger (i.e., 6 and 12) stimulus set sizes was more efficient than training with smaller (i.e., 3 and 4) stimulus set sizes. 相似文献
60.
Andrea L.B. Ford Brenna N. Rudolph Brittany Pennington Breanne J. Byiers 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(1):572-583
Visual analysis is integral to the analysis of single-case experimental design (SCED) data. Previous studies have shown that many factors may influence the interrater agreement (IRA) of visual analysis. One factor that has received little direct attention is the impact of contextual information. In the current study, authors of recently published SCED studies were asked to make judgments regarding functional relations based on published datasets that met criteria for design quality. Respondents were randomly assigned to view graphs with or without contextual information and the degree of interrater agreement was compared. Results revealed that contextual information had no impact on IRA for decisions of a functional relation. IRA was high across both groups for 6 of the 7 datasets examined. Implications and recommendations based on these results are discussed. 相似文献