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161.
Mariana Kaiseler Remco Polman Adam Nicholls 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(7):728-733
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between mental toughness, stressor appraisal, coping strategies and coping effectiveness among a sample of athletes. Participants were 482 athletes (male n = 305; female n = 177), aged between 16 and 45 years (M age = 20.44 years, SD = 3.98). In support of a priori predictions, mental toughness was associated with stress intensity and control appraisal, but not the type of stressor experienced by athletes. Total mental toughness and its six components predicted coping and coping effectiveness in relation to the self-selected stressor. In particular, higher levels of mental toughness were associated with more problem-focused coping, but less emotion-focused and avoidance coping. Coping effectiveness was influenced by the coping strategy employed by the athletes. 相似文献
162.
163.
Catherine M. Wilson Ph.D. Anne G. Crocker Ph.D. Tonia L. Nicholls Ph.D. Yanick Charette M.Sc. Michael C. Seto Ph.D. 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2015,33(1):19-38
Canadian legislation makes Review Boards (RBs) responsible for rendering dispositions for individuals found Not Criminally Responsible on account of Mental Disorder (NCRMD) after considering public safety, the mental condition of the accused, and his/her potential for community reintegration. We reviewed 6,743 RB hearings for 1,794 individuals found NCRMD in the three largest Canadian provinces to investigate whether items from two empirically supported risk assessment measures, the Historical Clinical Risk Management-20 and the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, were considered. Less than half the items were included in expert reports or in RBs' reasons for dispositions, and consideration of these items differed according to gender and index offense severity of the accused. These items included evidence-based risk factors and/or legally specified criteria: mental health, treatment, and criminal history. These results illustrate the gap between research on risk factors and the integration of this evidence into practice. In particular, we recommend the implementation of structured measures to reduce the potential for clinicians to be unduly influenced by gender and offense severity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
164.
Michael E. R. Nicholls Nyssa T. Hadgraft Heidi L. Chapman Andrea M. Loftus Joanne Robertson John L. Bradshaw 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(6):1576-1590
In contrast to the leftward inattention caused by right parietal damage, normal brain function shows a subtle neglect of the right and left sides in peripersonal and extrapersonal space, respectively. This study explored how these attentional biases cause healthy individuals to collide with objects on the right. In Experiment 1, participants navigated manual and electric wheelchairs through a narrow doorway. More rightward collisions were observed for the electric, but not the manual, wheelchair. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the rightward deviation for electric wheelchairs increased for wider doorways. Experiment 3 established that the rightward deviation is not the result of task-related vestibular input, using a remote control device to operate the wheelchair. The rightward deviation persisted in Experiment 4 when the doorway was removed, suggesting that the bias is the result of a mis-bisection of space. In Experiment 5, the rightward bias was replicated using an electric scooter, which is steered using handlebars. Finally, Experiment 6 required participants to point to the middle of the doorway, using a laser, before moving the scooter. Rightward mis-bisection was observed in both conditions. Rightward mis-bisection of lines in extrapersonal space provides the most parsimonious explanation of the rightward collisions and deviations. 相似文献
165.
The mental representation of numbers along a line oriented left to right affects spatial cognition, facilitating responses
in the ipsilateral hemispace (the spatial-numerical association of response codes [SNARC] effect). We investigated whether
the number/space association is the result of an attentional shift or response selection. Previous research has often introduced
covert left/right response cues by presenting targets to the left or the right. The present study avoided left/right cues
by requiring forced choice upper/lower luminance discriminations to two mirror-reversed luminance gradients (the grayscale
task). The grayscale stimuli were overlaid with strings of (1) low numbers, (2) high numbers, and (3) nonnumerical characters.
In Experiment 1, 20 dextrals judged the number’s magnitude and then indicated whether the upper/lower grayscale was darker.
Results showed leftward and rightward attentional biases for low and high numbers, respectively. Demands to process numbers
along a left/right line were made less explicit in Experiment 2 (N=8 dextrals), using (1) a parity judgment and (2) arbitrary
linguistic labels for top/bottom. Once again, a spatial congruency effect was observed. Because the response (up/down) was
orthogonal to the dimension of interest (left/right), the effect of number cannot be attributed to late-stage response congruencies.
This study required unspeeded responses to stimuli presented in free vision, whereas other experiments have used speeded responses.
Understanding the time course of number-space effects may, therefore, be important to the debate associated with response
selection. 相似文献
166.
Robin Marie Kowalski Chad Alan Morgan Elizabeth Whittaker Brittany Zaremba Laura Frazee Jessica Dean 《The Journal of social psychology》2015,155(1):86-90
This study investigated predictors of within-gender secret telling. Eighty-eight participants were exposed to either a “positive” or a “negative” secret about another individual. Just under 20% of participants told the secret. Conscientiousness, secret condition, empathy, and the conscientiousness by secret condition interaction had effects on the rate of secret telling, χ2 (5,82) = 17.78, p = .003, AIC = 80.60. Conscientiousness had a negative effect on secret telling among participants that told the “negative” secret. 相似文献
167.
Examining changes in procedural justice and their influence on problem‐solving court outcomes 下载免费PDF全文
Cindy Brooks Dollar Bradley Ray Mary Kay Hudson Brittany J. Hood 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2018,36(1):32-45
The number of problem‐solving courts has grown substantially since the mid‐1990s. Research consistently indicates that participation in these courts lowers recidivism, which is often attributed to defendants’ increased perceptions of procedural justice in these programs. Yet, prior studies are limited in their focus, often examining interactions with the judge in a single court or examining defendant perceptions and outcomes at a single time point. In the present study, we investigate defendant perceptions of procedural justice with judges and case managers across multiple problem‐solving courts over time. Findings indicate that procedural justice varies across court actors and over time. Procedural justice is lower among judges than among case managers; however, changes in perceptions of procedural justice with the judge are associated with improved court outcomes. We suggest that defendant perceptions are variable and complex but important in explaining variations in outcomes. 相似文献
168.
Henderson Heather L. Bloodhart Brittany Adams Amanda S. Barnes Rebecca T. Burt Melissa Clinton Sandra Godfrey Elaine Pollack Ilana Fischer Emily V. Hernandez Paul R. 《Social Psychology of Education》2022,25(2-3):649-674
Social Psychology of Education - An abundance of literature has examined barriers to women’s equitable representation in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields, with many... 相似文献
169.
Lori E. James Brittany N. Chambers Chelsea L. Placzek 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2018,25(4):520-534
We compared young and older adults’ speech during an error detection task, with some pictures containing visual errors and anomalies and other pictures error-free. We analyzed three disfluency types: mid-phrase speech fillers (e.g., It’s a little, um, girl), repetitions (e.g., He’s trying to catch the- the birds), and repairs (e.g., She- you can see her legs). Older adults produced more mid-phrase fillers than young adults only when describing pictures containing errors. These often reflect word retrieval problems and represent clear disruptions to fluency, so this interaction indicates that the need to form and maintain representations of novel information can specifically compromise older adults’ speech fluency. Overall, older adults produced more repetitions and repairs than young adults, regardless of picture type, indicating general age-related increases in these disfluencies. The obtained patterns are discussed in the context of the Transmission Deficit Hypothesis and other approaches to age-related changes in speech fluency. 相似文献
170.
Spates Kamesha Evans Na’Tasha M. Watts Brittany Clarvon Abubakar Nasra James Tierra 《Sex roles》2020,82(9-10):513-524
Sex Roles - Black women in the United States have historically overcome extreme hardships and continue to do so. They have survived unthinkable bouts of trauma due to their subordinate racial and... 相似文献