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131.
Robin Marie Kowalski Chad Alan Morgan Elizabeth Whittaker Brittany Zaremba Laura Frazee Jessica Dean 《The Journal of social psychology》2015,155(1):86-90
This study investigated predictors of within-gender secret telling. Eighty-eight participants were exposed to either a “positive” or a “negative” secret about another individual. Just under 20% of participants told the secret. Conscientiousness, secret condition, empathy, and the conscientiousness by secret condition interaction had effects on the rate of secret telling, χ2 (5,82) = 17.78, p = .003, AIC = 80.60. Conscientiousness had a negative effect on secret telling among participants that told the “negative” secret. 相似文献
132.
Lori E. James Brittany N. Chambers Chelsea L. Placzek 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2018,25(4):520-534
We compared young and older adults’ speech during an error detection task, with some pictures containing visual errors and anomalies and other pictures error-free. We analyzed three disfluency types: mid-phrase speech fillers (e.g., It’s a little, um, girl), repetitions (e.g., He’s trying to catch the- the birds), and repairs (e.g., She- you can see her legs). Older adults produced more mid-phrase fillers than young adults only when describing pictures containing errors. These often reflect word retrieval problems and represent clear disruptions to fluency, so this interaction indicates that the need to form and maintain representations of novel information can specifically compromise older adults’ speech fluency. Overall, older adults produced more repetitions and repairs than young adults, regardless of picture type, indicating general age-related increases in these disfluencies. The obtained patterns are discussed in the context of the Transmission Deficit Hypothesis and other approaches to age-related changes in speech fluency. 相似文献
133.
Spates Kamesha Evans Na’Tasha M. Watts Brittany Clarvon Abubakar Nasra James Tierra 《Sex roles》2020,82(9-10):513-524
Sex Roles - Black women in the United States have historically overcome extreme hardships and continue to do so. They have survived unthinkable bouts of trauma due to their subordinate racial and... 相似文献
134.
Previous research suggests that sets of similar items are represented using a rapid averaging mechanism that automatically
extracts statistical properties within 50 ms. However, typically in these studies, displays are not masked, so it is possible
that the sets are available for longer than this duration. In the present study, using masked displays, we (a) tested a newly
proposed strategy for extracting the mean size of a set of circles, and (b) more precisely evaluated the time course of rapid
averaging. The results indicate that when viewing conditions are poor, performance can be explained by assuming that observers
rely on information from previous trials. In this study, observers required at least a 200-ms exposure time in order to derive
the average size of a set of circles without relying on information from previously-viewed sets, suggesting that rapid averaging
is not as fast as previously assumed and, therefore, that it may not be an automatic process. 相似文献
135.
Using a changing‐criterion design, we evaluated the effects of providing a preferred edible item and escape from sitting contingent on a child's compliance with sitting during haircuts. Results indicated that the intervention eliminated the child's escape responses and increased his sitting to a duration that permitted regular haircuts by his mother. Follow‐up sessions showed that the participant's increased compliance during haircuts continued for over 2 months. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
136.
Thompson E. DavisIII Julie A. Hess Russell A. Matthews Jill C. Fodstad Tim Dempsey Whitney S. Jenkins Brittany N. Moree Johnny L. Matson 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(2):171-177
In typically developing children, researchers have found that anxiety disorders are associated with poorer intellectual abilities
(Davis et al. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 30:43–51, 2008). The aim of the current study was to examine the impact anxiety symptoms had on the developmental quotients of toddlers.
A total of 170 toddlers ranging in age from 17 to 37 months were selected for inclusion in this study, all of whom were at
risk for or had a developmental delay. Two factors indicative of behavioral symptoms of anxiety from the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits-Part2 were utilized as the independent variables and the total developmental quotient from the Battelle Developmental Inventory, 2nd Edition was utilized for the dependent variable. Examination of results revealed that atypically developing toddlers with symptoms
of anxiety had significantly lower developmental quotients when compared to toddlers without any anxiety symptoms. A discussion
of the implications and limitations of this study are included. 相似文献
137.
This study tests the immediate impact of two interventions for intimate partner violent (IPV) men in affecting behavioral and emotional change during arguments with their partners. Couples with an abusive male partner (N = 100) discussed an area of conflict twice, interrupted by a brief intervention. Men were randomly assigned to receive (a) an editing-out-the-negative skills training, (b) an accepting influence skills training, or (c) a time-out. IPV men in both skills-training conditions showed greater decreases in aggressive feelings than IPV men in the time-out condition based on their self-report and observed affective behavior. Women also reported feeling less aggressive when their husbands were assigned to one of the skills-training conditions as compared to the control (time-out) condition. Results suggest that IPV men can learn to adopt new communication skills and that they do appear to have a positive impact on the emotional tone of their arguments. Clinically, communication skills training may be a useful addition to battering intervention programs, although these skills may need to be taught to both men and women involved in violent relationships. 相似文献
138.
In three experiments response time (RT) differences between correct prosaccade and antisaccade trials were examined via distribution analyses by fitting an ex-Gaussian function to individual RT distributions. Experiment 1 demonstrated that antisaccades are slower than prosaccades and this difference is due to both a shift in the overall distribution as well as a lengthening of the tail of the distribution. Experiment 2 demonstrated that manipulating foreperiod duration led to changes in both accuracy and RT for antisaccades but not prosaccades. Furthermore, the change in RT for antisaccades resulted in a lengthening in the tail of the distribution but not a shift in the distribution. Finally, Experiment 3 demonstrated that with sufficient practice performance on antisaccades was equated with performance on prosaccades in terms of both accuracy and RT. An examination of the RT distributions suggested that practice led to parallel changes in both the mean of the distribution and the tail of the antisaccade distribution. These results are interpreted within a two-factor theory of attention control that suggests that performance on antisaccades is driven by both competition resolution and goal-maintenance abilities. 相似文献
139.
We summarize the large body of research conducted over the previous 30 years on the link between interpersonal conflict and physiological outcomes, with a focus on implications for health. Specifically, we review evidence that conflict in close, romantic relationships affects internal bodily processes, including cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune function, as well as objective health indicators. We focus on studies that have utilized standardized, laboratory‐based conflict discussions, as we believe this methodology provides the clearest picture of how conflict affects health. It is our hope that this general overview serves as a useful introduction to the state of the field. 相似文献
140.
Theoretical perspectives on personality and the development of psychopathology have shifted markedly over the last 7 decades. However, it remains unclear how those changes affect mental health practice. Comprehensive and conscientiously recorded reports of psychological testing provide a clear window on this process because they comprise distinctive records of how patients are assessed and understood. For this study, we conducted an exploratory, qualitative analysis of the narratives of the testing reports over the past 65 years at the Austen Riggs Center, a private psychiatric hospital and residential treatment center, to assess changes over time and to evaluate the influence that various factors had on the reports. The data revealed significant changes in psychologists' ways of assessing and conceptualizing personality and identity, adaptive functioning, and psychological development. Additionally, we evaluated how the evolving theoretical influences, such as institutional, professional, and sociohistorical factors affected the psychologist's model of psychopathology and development. This study raises important questions about how theoretical innovations affect clinical practice over time. 相似文献