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981.
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983.
The authors discuss risk factors for late life alcohol abuse and characteristics that differentiate early‐ and late‐onset abusers. Problems in identification, diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of older abusers are reviewed. A case example illustrates the dynamics of effective treatment with this population. 相似文献
984.
Two experiments were conducted to examine the development of a theory of mind in 265 children aged 3 to 5 years from families of varied size. Even after verbal mental age was controlled, those who had a sibling aged 12 months to 12 years outperformed only-children in both experiments. However, the presence of a very young infant, or of siblings who were teenagers or young adults, exerted no benefit. Also, in contrast to some previous studies, younger child siblings and twins were just as helpful as older child siblings. The presence of multiple child siblings of varied ages above and below that of the participant predicted advanced theory of mind development over and above the effects of own age and verbal ability, despite the fact that neither overall family size nor birth order were significant predictors. These findings were reconciled with those of previous sibling constellation research around a model of family social influences in which the opportunity to play, converse, and disagree in distinctively childish ways with brothers and sisters provides unique insights into the workings of the human mind. 相似文献
985.
Nitin Trasi Francis X. Clooney Maria Hibbets George Cronk Brian A. Hatcher Robin Rinehart Karen Pechilis Prentiss Hal W. French Francis X. Clooney Lisa Bellantoni Frank J. Korom Robert Menzies Constantina Rhodes Bailly Gavin Flood Rebecca J. Manring Loriliai Biernacki Brian K. Pennington John Grimes Richard D. MacPhail Glenn Wallis John J. Thatamanil John Grimes Thomas Forsthoefel Denise Cush Yasmin Saikia Joseph A. Bracken Lise F. Vail Jacqueline Suthren Hirst Judson B. Trapnell Ellison Banks Findly Paul Waldau D. L. Johnson John Grimes 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》2000,4(1):61-107
986.
Brian Lakey Ruth McLeister Anan Kimberly Sirl Jana Brittain Drew Chris Butler 《Journal of applied social psychology》2000,30(10):2079-2091
Exposure to a given stressor may enhance future resistance to that specific event as well as to stressful events more generally. One mechanism may be that prior exposure decreases dysfunctional beliefs about the specific event or to events in general (i. e., general dysfunctional attitudes). The research described here examined whether exposure to divorce was related to fewer divorce‐specific and general dysfunctional attitudes. Divorced participants reported fewer divorce‐specific dysfunctional attitudes than did happily married participants or married participants considering divorce. Similarly, adult children of divorced parents had fewer divorce‐specific dysfunctional attitudes than did adult children of happily married parents. A different pattern was observed for general dysfunctional attitudes. 相似文献
987.
Gregory R. Peterson 《Zygon》2000,35(3):469-480
Much ink has been spilled on the claim that morality and religion have evolutionary roots. While some attempt to reduce morality and religion to biological considerations, others reject any link whatsoever. Any full account, however, must acknowledge the biological roots of human behavior while at the same time recognizing that our relatively unique capacity as cognitive agents requires orienting concepts of cosmic and human nature. While other organisms display quasi-moral and proto-moral behavior that is indeed relevant, fully moral behavior is only possible for organisms that attain a higher level of cognitive ability. This, in turn, implies a significant role for religion, which has traditionally provided an orientation within which moral conduct is understood. 相似文献
988.
Chopra Ambica C. Tilberry Stephanie S. Sternat Kaitlyn E. Chung Daniel Y. Nichols Stephanie D. Piper Brian J. 《Science and engineering ethics》2020,26(2):921-930
Science and Engineering Ethics - Online medical reference websites are utilized by health care providers to enhance their education and decision making. However, these resources may not adequately... 相似文献
989.
Li Zhao Lulu Chen Wenjin Sun Brian J. Compton Kang Lee Gail D. Heyman 《Developmental science》2020,23(5)
Research on moral socialization has largely focused on the role of direct communication and has almost completely ignored a potentially rich source of social influence: evaluative comments that children overhear. We examined for the first time whether overheard comments can shape children's moral behavior. Three‐ and 5‐year‐old children (N = 200) participated in a guessing game in which they were instructed not to cheat by peeking. We randomly assigned children to a condition in which they overheard an experimenter tell another adult that a classmate who was no longer present is smart, or to a control condition in which the overheard conversation consisted of non‐social information. We found that 5‐year‐olds, but not 3‐year‐olds, cheated significantly more often if they overheard the classmate praised for being smart. These findings show that the effects of ability praise can spread far beyond the intended recipient to influence the behavior of children who are mere observers, and they suggest that overheard evaluative comments can be an important force in shaping moral development. 相似文献
990.
Billie J. Retzlaff Wayne W. Fisher Jessica S. Akers Brian D. Greer 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(1):67-81
Recent research suggests that combining putative reinforcers for problem behavior into a single, synthesized contingency may increase efficiency in identifying behavioral function relative to traditional functional analysis (FA). Other research suggests potential shortcomings of synthesized contingency analysis (SCA), such as the potential for false-positive outcomes. In prior comparisons of traditional FAs and SCAs, investigators could not ascertain with certainty the true function(s) of the participants' problem behavior for use as the criterion variable. We conducted a translational study to circumvent this limitation by training a specific function for a surrogate destructive behavior prior to conducting a traditional FA and SCA. The traditional FA correctly identified the previously established function of the target response in all six cases and produced no iatrogenic effects. The SCA produced differentiated results in all cases and iatrogenic effects (i.e., an additional function) in three of six cases. We discuss these findings in terms of the mechanisms that may promote iatrogenic effects. 相似文献