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971.
Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nim Tottenham Todd A. Hare Brian T. Quinn Thomas W. McCarry Marcella Nurse Tara Gilhooly Alexander Millner Adriana Galvan Matthew C. Davidson Inge-Marie Eigsti Kathleen M. Thomas Peter J. Freed Elizabeth S. Booma Megan R. Gunnar Margaret Altemus Jane Aronson B.J. Casey 《Developmental science》2010,13(1):46-61
Early adversity, for example poor caregiving, can have profound effects on emotional development. Orphanage rearing, even in the best circumstances, lies outside of the bounds of a species-typical caregiving environment. The long-term effects of this early adversity on the neurobiological development associated with socio-emotional behaviors are not well understood. Seventy-eight children, who include those who have experienced orphanage care and a comparison group, were assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure volumes of whole brain and limbic structures (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus). Emotion regulation was assessed with an emotional go-nogo paradigm, and anxiety and internalizing behaviors were assessed using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, the Child Behavior Checklist, and a structured clinical interview. Late adoption was associated with larger corrected amygdala volumes, poorer emotion regulation, and increased anxiety. Although more than 50% of the children who experienced orphanage rearing met criteria for a psychiatric disorder, with a third having an anxiety disorder, the group differences observed in amygdala volume were not driven by the presence of an anxiety disorder. The findings are consistent with previous reports describing negative effects of prolonged orphanage care on emotional behavior and with animal models that show long-term changes in the amygdala and emotional behavior following early postnatal stress. These changes in limbic circuitry may underlie residual emotional and social problems experienced by children who have been internationally adopted. 相似文献
972.
Brian E. Harper 《Social Psychology of Education》2010,13(4):473-483
While there is great deal of research that tracks self-regulatory academic beliefs and behaviors of students, relatively few
efforts examine the specific self-beliefs of high achieving African American students. This study compared the intelligence-related
beliefs, efficacy beliefs and academic goal orientations of 257 African American (N = 196) and White (N = 61) sophomore and senior students from among honors-level language arts classes in three large midwestern high schools.
The results of this study suggest that while African American students and their White peers do not significantly differ with
respect to efficacy beliefs or goal orientation, African American students expressed more strongly-held beliefs that were
consistent with an entity view of intelligence than did White students. The implications of these results are discussed, as
well as a practical means of application for academic settings. 相似文献
973.
Latent inhibition refers to learning that some stimuli are not signals of important events. It has been widely studied in
vertebrates, but it has been substantially less well studied in invertebrates. We present an investigation into latent inhibition
in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) using a proboscis extension response conditioning procedure that involved ‘preexposure’ of an odor without reinforcement
prior to appetitive conditioning. A significant latent inhibition effect, measured in terms of a reduction in acquisition
performance to the preexposed odor, was observed after 8 unreinforced presentations, and the effect continued to increase
in strength up to 30 presentations. We also observed that memories formed for the preexposed odor lasted at least 24 h. Further
manipulation of interstimulus interval and the visual conditioning context partially attenuated the effect. The latter results
indicate that latent inhibition in honey bees may not be a unitary phenomenon. Two different mechanisms may be required, in
which one mechanism is dependent on the visual context and the second is not. 相似文献
974.
Inhibitory control has been suggested as a key predictive measure of problem-solving skills in human and nonhuman animals. However, there has yet to be a direct comparison of the inhibitory skills of the nonhuman apes and their development in human children. We compared the inhibitory skills of all great ape species, including 3–5-year-old children in a detour-reaching task, which required subjects to avoid reaching directly for food and instead use an indirect reaching method to successfully obtain the food. We tested 22 chimpanzees, 18 bonobos, 18 orangutans, 6 gorillas and 42 children. Our sample included chimpanzees, bonobos and orangutans housed in zoos (N = 27) and others housed in sanctuaries in their native habitats (N = 37). Overall, orangutans were the most skilful apes, including human children. As expected older children outperformed younger children. Sanctuary chimpanzees and bonobos outperformed their zoo counterparts whereas there was no difference between the two orangutan samples. Most zoo chimpanzees and bonobos failed to solve the original task, but improved their performance with additional training, although the training method determined to a considerable extent the level of success that the apes achieved in a transfer phase. In general, the performance of the older children was far from perfect and comparable to some of the nonhuman apes tested. 相似文献
975.
Brian Ellis 《Ratio》2005,18(4):462-472
There are three outstanding issues raised by my critics in this volume. The first concerns the nature and status of universals (John Heil). The second is ‘the essential problem’, which is the issue of how to distinguish the essential properties of natural kinds from their accidental ones, and the related question of whether we really need to believe in the essences of natural kinds (Stephen Mumford). The third is that of strong versus weak dispositional essentialism (Alexander Bird), or equivalently, whether there is any place for categorical properties in an essentialist metaphysic (John Heil). This paper addresses these three issues. 相似文献
976.
Brian H. Bornstein 《Applied cognitive psychology》2005,19(6):815-816
977.
Brian M. Hughes 《Journal of religion and health》2006,45(4):549-557
Complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) retain an enduring popularity in spite of the fact that there is poor evidence
of their efficacy. Public attraction toward CAM may be based, in part, on a public appetite for mysticism; in many countries,
increases in interest in CAM may in turn result from decreasing social acceptance of participation in formal religions. The
present study examined patterns of CAM availability and self-declared religious affiliation across 30 geographical regions
in Ireland. After controlling for differences in population, the data show a statistically significant inverse correlation
between CAM availability and religious affiliation. Implications are discussed.
Brian M. Hughes is Lecturer in Psychology at the National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland 相似文献
978.
Brian E. Saelens Sarah C. Couch Karen S. Wosje Lori J. Stark Stephen R. Daniels 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2006,13(2):117-125
Relations among weight, calcium, and milk have received considerable attention, but inconsistencies remain regarding strength and direction of associations. Calcium, milk, other beverages, and weight status associations were examined among children >75th BMI percentile from three studies. Results indicated negative relations between z-BMI and non-whole milk and calcium in one sample, with lower z-BMI and percent body fat among older children drinking any non-whole milk. In one older child sample, z-BMI and percent body fat were higher for whole milk consumers. The only significant relation observed for other beverages was the negative association between juice and percent body fat in younger children. Milk, calcium, and child weight status associations are inconsistent, and appear dependent on milk type and child age. 相似文献
979.
Brian Britt 《Teaching Theology & Religion》2006,9(4):203-210
Abstract. Secularization, the idea that religion would gradually diminish over time, was once widely assumed to be true by scholars of religion, but the unexpected resurgence of religious traditions has called it into question. Related debates on the distinction between religion and the secular have destabilized religious studies further. What does the crisis of secularization and secularism mean for the religious studies classroom? This essay proposes a model of religious criticism in the wake of secularism. No longer simply claiming a “view from nowhere,” students and instructors can (by observing standards of evidence, reason, and self‐disclosure) combine criticism with learning. Drawn from aesthetic and ethical traditions of criticism, religious criticism can be practiced by “teaching the conflicts” and through the pedagogical models of Freire and hooks. 相似文献
980.
This research examined how efforts to ensure demographic diversity in a work group affected perceptions of the competence of individuals who are likely targets of such efforts. In three experiments, 262 undergraduates gave their impressions and performance expectations of members of a group assembled to work on a task. When a diversity rationale rather than a merit rationale was provided for how the work group was assembled, both women (Studies 1 and 2) and Black men (Study 3) were perceived as less competent and were expected to be less influential. This effect occurred regardless of the proportional representation of women or the degree of the groups' heterogeneity. The diversity rationale also produced more negative characterizations than did another non‐merit‐based rationale: scheduling convenience. 相似文献