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231.
Brian P. Meier Benjamin M. Wilkowski 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(5):1383-1387
Research has shown that those individuals high in agreeableness recruit helpful thoughts in hostile contexts, presumably in the service of controlling aggressive behavior. The present experiment follows from such work, but importantly does so in a manner seeking to support causal conclusions. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental training condition, in which hostile prime words were followed by helpful target words, or to a control condition that did not involve such pairings. Those assigned to the experimental condition subsequently exhibited lower levels of aggression in a laboratory task. Additional considerations and findings support the potential involvement of self-regulation processes. In general terms, the experiment reveals that a brief cognitive manipulation targeting processes thought to underlie aggression control was in fact causally effective in reducing subsequent levels of aggressive behavior. 相似文献
232.
Sarah E. Trosper Brian A. Buzzella Shannon M. Bennett Jill T. Ehrenreich 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2009,12(3):234-254
Given the relationship between internalizing disorders and deficits in emotion regulation in youth, the emotion science literature
has suggested several avenues for increasing the efficacy of interventions for youth presenting with anxiety and depression.
These possibilities include the identification and addition of emotion-regulation skills to existing treatment packages and
broadening the scope of those emotions addressed in cognitive-behavioral treatments. Current emotion-focused interventions
designed to meet one or both of these goals are discussed, and the developmental influences relevant to the selection of emotion-focused
treatment goals are explored using the framework of a modal model of emotion regulation. These various lines of evidence are
woven together to support the utility of a novel emotion-focused, cognitive-behavioral intervention, the Unified Protocol
for the Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Youth, a transdiagnostic treatment protocol that aims to treat the range of emotional
disorders (i.e., anxiety and depression) simultaneously. Avenues for future directions in treatment outcome and assessment
of emotion regulation are also discussed. 相似文献
233.
Matthew J. Weber John A. Detre Sharon L. Thompson-Schill Brian B. Avants 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2013,13(3):627-640
Network analysis is an emerging approach to functional connectivity in which the brain is construed as a graph and its connectivity and information processing estimated by mathematical characterizations of graphs. There has been little to no work examining the reproducibility of network metrics derived from different types of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data (e.g., resting vs. task related, or pulse sequences other than standard blood oxygen level dependent [BOLD] data) or of measures of network structure at levels other than summary statistics. Here, we take up these questions, comparing the reproducibility of graphs derived from resting arterial spin-labeling perfusion fMRI with those derived from BOLD scans collected while the participant was performing a task. We also examine the reproducibility of the anatomical connectivity implied by the graph by investigating test–retest consistency of the graphs’ edges. We compare two measures of graph-edge consistency both within versus between subjects and across data types. We find a dissociation in the reproducibility of network metrics, with metrics from resting data most reproducible at lower frequencies and metrics from task-related data most reproducible at higher frequencies; that same dissociation is not recapitulated, however, in network structure, for which the task-related data are most consistent at all frequencies. Implications for the practice of network analysis are discussed. 相似文献
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236.
Purkinje cell loss by OX7-saporin impairs acquisition and extinction of eyeblink conditioning 下载免费PDF全文
The current study examined the effects of globally depleting Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex with the immunotoxin OX7-saporin on acquisition and extinction of delay eyeblink conditioning in rats. Rats were given OX7-saporin or saline 2 wk before the start of eyeblink conditioning. The rats that reached a performance criterion of two consecutive days with 80% or greater conditioned responses were given 5 d of extinction training followed by 2 d of reacquisition training. Rats that received infusions of OX7-saporin had 77.2%-97.9% Purkinje cell loss and exhibited impaired acquisition and extinction. The amount of Purkinje cell loss was correlated with the magnitude of the acquisition and extinction impairments. The highest correlations between Purkinje cell number and the rate of acquisition were in lobule HVI and the anterior lobe. The highest negative correlation between Purkinje cell number and the percentage of conditioned responses during extinction was in the anterior lobe. The results indicate that cerebellar Purkinje cells, particularly in the anterior lobe and lobule HVI, play significant roles in acquisition and extinction of eyeblink conditioning. 相似文献
237.
Spatial updating relies on an egocentric representation of space: Effects of the number of objects 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wang RF Crowell JA Simons DJ Irwin DE Kramer AF Ambinder MS Thomas LE Gosney JL Levinthal BR Hsieh BB 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2006,13(2):281-286
Models of spatial updating attempt to explain how representations of spatial relationships between the actor and objects in
the environment change as the actor moves. In allocentric models, object locations are encoded in an external reference frame,
and only the actor’s position and orientation in that reference frame need to be updated. Thus, spatial updating should be
independent of the number of objects in the environment (set size). In egocentric updating models, object locations are encoded
relative to the actor, so the location of each object relative to the actor must be updated as the actor moves. Thus, spatial
updating efficiency should depend on set size. We examined which model better accounts for human spatial updating by having
people reconstruct the locations of varying numbers of virtual objects either from the original study position or from a changed
viewing position. In consistency with the egocentric updating model, object localization following a viewpoint change was
affected by the number of objects in the environment. 相似文献
238.
Informed consent, decision-making styles and the role of patient-physician relationships are imperative aspects of clinical medicine worldwide. We present the case of a 74-year-old woman afflicted with advanced liver cancer whose attending physician, per request of the family, did not inform her of her true diagnosis. In our analysis, we explore the differences in informed-consent styles between patients who hold an "independent" and "interdependent" construal of the self and then highlight the possible implications maintained by this position in the context of international clinical ethics. Finally, we discuss the need to reassess informed-consent styles suitable to the needs of each patient regardless of whether he or she resides in the United States or in Japan. 相似文献
239.
This study compares the tendency for numerals to elicit spontaneous perceptions of colour or taste (synaesthesia) with the tendency to visualise numbers as occupying particular visuo-spatial configurations (number forms). The prevalence of number forms was found to be significantly higher in synaesthetes experiencing colour compared both to synaesthetes experiencing taste and to control participants lacking any synaesthetic experience. This suggests that the presence of synaesthetic colour sensations enhances the tendency to explicitly represent numbers in a visuo-spatial format although the two symptoms may nevertheless be logically independent (i.e. it is possible to have number forms without colour, and coloured numbers without forms). Number forms are equally common in men and women, unlike previous reports of synaesthesia that have suggested a strong female bias. Individuals who possess a number form are also likely to possess visuo-spatial forms for other ordinal sequences (e.g. days, months, letters) which suggests that it is the ordinal nature of numbers rather than numerical quantity that gives rise to this particular mode of representation. Finally, we also describe some consequences of number forms for performance in a number comparison task. 相似文献
240.
This research examines self-stereotyping in the context of multiple social identities and shows that self-stereotyping is a function of stereotyped expectancies held in particular relationships. Participants reported how others evaluated their math and verbal ability and how they viewed their own ability when their gender or ethnicity was salient. Asian American women (Experiment 1) and European Americans (Experiment 2) exhibited knowledge of stereotyped social expectancies and corresponding self-stereotyping associated with their more salient identity. African Americans (Experiment 3) exhibited some knowledge of stereotyped social expectancies but no corresponding self-stereotyping. Correlational evidence and a 4th experiment suggest that self-stereotyping is mediated by the degree to which close others are perceived to endorse stereotypes as applicable to the self. 相似文献