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881.
We conducted a multicomponent assessment and treatment for 4 individuals who engaged in cigarette pica. During Phase 1, three stimulus preference assessments were conducted to identify (a) the reinforcing component of the cigarette, (b) potential alternative reinforcers that may be used during treatment, and (c) whether the alternative reinforcer would compete effectively with cigarettes. Results were successful in identifying the reinforcing component of the cigarette and suggested the feasibility of using alternative reinforcers during treatment to eliminate cigarette pica. During Phase 2, the effects of two treatment procedures were evaluated. Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) with the alternative edible reinforcer reduced the pica of 2 of the participants, but effects were not maintained when the initial dense schedule of NCR was thinned. Subsequently, differential reinforcement of alternative behavior with the alternative edible reinforcer was effective in reducing pica for 3 participants. An evaluation of nine treatment procedures failed to identify an effective intervention for the remaining participant; consequently, preventive measures were designed to minimize occurrences of cigarette pica. 相似文献
882.
Brian A. Bain 《Journal of Near-Death Studies》1999,17(3):205-209
Long considered to be heretical, ancient Gnostic Christian texts unearthed this century display compelling similarities between Gnostic conceptions of life and death and modern NDEs. The Gnostic texts devoted extensive tracts to what readers could expect to encounter when they died. Other passages make numerous allusions to NDE-like experiences that can be realized in this life, most notably the human encounter with a Divine Light. The Gnostic Christian literature gives us one more example of NDEs and similar experiences in the ancient world. 相似文献
883.
Deborah G. Johnson PhD 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(4):445-461
In this paper I use the concept of forbidden knowledge to explore questions about putting limits on science. Science has generally been understood to seek and produce objective truth, and this understanding of science has grounded its claim to freedom of inquiry. What happens to decision making about science when this claim to objective, disinterested truth is rejected? There are two changes that must be made to update the idea of forbidden knowledge for modern science. The first is to shift from presuming that decisions to constrain or even forbid knowledge can be made from a position of omniscience (perfect knowledge) to recognizing that such decisions made by human beings are made from a position of limited or partial knowledge. The second is to reject the idea that knowledge is objective and disinterested and accept that knowledge (even scientific knowledge) is interested. In particular, choices about what knowledge gets created are normative, value choices. When these two changes are made to the idea of forbidden knowledge, questions about limiting or forbidding lines of inquiry are shown to distract attention from the more important matters of who makes and how decisions are made about what knowledge is produced. Much more attention should be focused on choosing directions in science, and as this is done, the matter of whether constraints should be placed on science will fall into place. 相似文献
884.
Eugen Tarnow PhD 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(1):73-88
A questionnaire probing the distribution of authorship credit was given to postdoctoral associates (“postdocs”) in order to
determine their awareness of the professional society’s ethical statement on authorship, the extent of communication with
their supervisors about authorship criteria, and the appropriateness of authorship assignments on submitted papers.
Results indicate a low awareness of the professional society’s ethical statement and that little communication takes place
between postdocs and supervisors about authorship criteria. A substantial amount of authorship credit given to supervisors
and other workers is perceived by the postdocs to violate the professional society’s ethical statement. 相似文献
885.
886.
Frank L. Collins Jr Lori A. Pbert Brian Sharp Stanley Smith Karen M. Gil J. Vernon Odom 《Behaviour research and therapy》1988,26(6):461-466
18 myopes and 18 emmetropes were randomly assigned in pairs to either Fading and Feedback training or a no-treatment control condition. The emmetropes were fitted with plus lenses equivalent to the spherical correction of the paired myope to simulate myopic visual acuity. Extensive visual acuity measures were obtained pre- and post-training. Data analyses indicated significant increases in recognition visual acuity for trained subjects, compared to no-treatment controls. The myopia/emmetropia variable did not interact with training even though there were noticably greater increases in visual acuity for trained myopes compared to the other conditions. Resolution visual acuity did not change as a function of training. These data are discussed in terms of their implications for better understanding the mechanisms responsible for visual acuity increases following behavioural training. 相似文献
887.
There is a wealth of advice offered by ‘experts’ in HRM concerning the content of the effective job advertisement. This study considers whether following such advice would provide the potential job applicant with the information they want and questions the extent to which employers actually heed this advice. It firstly compares the normative guidelines with what potential applicants' for managerial posts consider to be important. A second strand to the analysis examines the extent to which advertising practice mirrors the requirements of the job-seeker market. The results give some solace to recruiters but also demonstrates that there is a long way to go before job advertisements achieve the content that job-seekers require. 相似文献
888.
Jeffrey W Gilger Bruce F Pennington Ronald J Harbeck John C DeFries Brian Kotzin Phyllis Green Shelley Smith 《Brain and cognition》1998,36(3):310-333
We conducted a study of the association between developmental reading disability (DRD) and immune disorders (ID) using both survey and immunoassay data in two separate samples of families. One sample was made up of twins and their parents and was ascertained through a population-based sampling scheme. The other sample was a set of extended pedigrees selected for apparent autosomal dominant transmission of DRD. We failed to find an association between DRD and ID in either sample, regardless of the method used to assess immune system function. Even though our twin sample provided evidence that both DRD and immune conditions were significantly heritable, there was no evidence for a genetic correlation between ID and DRD nor was there any clear indication that a special subgroup of individuals may be comorbid for these conditions because of genetic reasons. How these negative findings can be reconciled with the developmental hypothesis of Geschwind, Behan, Galaburda, and colleagues, and how they may relate to the gene locus influencing DRD that has been recently located in the HLA region of the short arm of chromosome 6 is discussed. 相似文献
889.
Len Ackland Karen Dorn Steele JoAnn M. Valenti PhD 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(2):181-190
Invited media scholars and journalists examine the general issue of nuclear waste, risk and the sicentific promises that were made, but not kept, about safe disposal. The mass media uncovered and reported on nuclear waste problems at Rocky Flats in Colorado and Hanford in Washington. Two environmental journalists review efforts to expose problems at these sites, how secrecy hampered reporting, and the effects of media coverage on nearby residents. An environmental communications scholar evaluates media coverage, the role of the U.S. Department of Energy, and the impact of secrecy on public risk perceptions and attitudes toward government nuclear waste policies. 相似文献
890.
Genetic discrimination is becoming an increasingly important problem in the United States. Information acquired from genetic
tests has been used by insurance companies to reject applications for insurance policies and to refuse payment for the treatment
of illnesses. Numerous states and the United States Congress have passed or are considering passage of laws that would forbid
such use of genetic information by health insurance companies. Here we argue that much of this legislation is severely flawed
because of the difficulty in distinguishing genetic from nongenetic tests. In addition, barring the use by insurance companies
of a genetic test but not a nongenetic test (conceivably for the same multifactorial disease) raises issues of fairness in
health insurance. These arguments suggest that ultimately the problems arising from genetic discrimination cannot be solved
by narrowly focused legislation but only by a modification of the entire health care system. 相似文献