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251.
Pelham B Carvallo M 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2011,101(1):25-30; discussion 31-3
This article addresses Simonsohn's (2011) critique of field studies of implicit egotism. We argue that Simonsohn provides no compelling theoretical reason to believe that implicit egotism should be valid only in the laboratory. In addition, we argue that a careful analysis of most of Simonsohn's studies of implicit egotism shows that they provide little or no power to reveal real effects of implicit egotism. We conclude that it is more constructive to try to identify theoretically derived moderators of implicit egotism than to try to document that it is always spurious in the field. 相似文献
252.
Brett M. Wells John J. Skowronski Matthew T. Crawford Cory R. Scherer Donal E. Carlston 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2011,47(6):1116-1126
Past research suggests that spontaneous trait inference (STI) and spontaneous trait transference (STT) may reflect different cognitive processes, the former being inferential and the latter associational. The present research was designed to explore whether either or both of these processes involve thinking that occupies cognitive capacity. Four studies suggest that reductions in available cognitive capacity reduce both STI and STT effects, both on measures of savings in relearning (which reflect the strength of trait associations with a person) and on trait ratings measures (which reflect the strength of trait inferences made about a person). Similar results were obtained using an individual difference measure of cognitive capacity. Although these results suggest that STI and STT are similar, in that both exhibit interference from reductions in cognitive capacity, other results, such as halo effects in trait ratings, support previous assertions that their underlying processes are distinct. 相似文献
253.
254.
In four experiments, we investigated how people make feature predictions about objects whose category membership is uncertain.
Artificial visual categories were presented and remained in view while a novel instance with a known feature, but uncertain
category membership was presented. All four experiments showed that feature predictions about the test instance were most
often based on feature correlations (referred to as feature conjunction reasoning). Experiment 1 showed that feature conjunction reasoning was generally preferred to category-based induction in
a feature prediction task. Experiment 2 showed that people used all available exemplars to make feature conjunction predictions.
Experiments 3 and 4 showed that the preference for predictions based on feature conjunction persisted even when category-level
information was made more salient and inferences involving a larger number of categories were required. Little evidence of
reasoning based on the consideration of multiple categories (e.g., Anderson, (Psychological Review, 98:409–429, 1991)) or the single, most probable category (e.g., Murphy & Ross, (Cognitive Psychology, 27:148–193, 1994)) was found. 相似文献
255.
Fajen BR Matthis JS 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2011,37(5):1442-1457
The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of possibilities for action (i.e., affordances) that depend on one's movement capabilities, and more specifically, the passability of a shrinking gap between converging obstacles. We introduce a new optical invariant that specifies in intrinsic units the minimum locomotor speed needed to safely pass through a shrinking gap. Detecting this information during self-motion requires recovering the component of the obstacles' local optical expansion attributable to obstacle motion, independent of self-motion. In principle, recovering the obstacle motion component could involve either visual or non-visual self-motion information. We investigated the visual and non-visual contributions in two experiments in which subjects walked through a virtual environment and made judgments about whether it was possible to pass through a shrinking gap. On a small percentage of trials, visual and non-visual self-motion information were independently manipulated by varying the speed with which subjects moved through the virtual environment. Comparisons of judgments on such catch trials with judgments on normal trials revealed both visual and non-visual contributions to the detection of information about minimum walking speed. 相似文献
256.
Visual short-term memory plays a key role in guiding behavior, and individual differences in visual short-term memory capacity
are strongly predictive of higher cognitive abilities. To provide a broader evolutionary context for understanding this memory
system, we directly compared the behavior of pigeons and humans on a change detection task. Although pigeons had a lower storage
capacity and a higher lapse rate than humans, both species stored multiple items in short-term memory and conformed to the
same basic performance model. Thus, despite their very different evolutionary histories and neural architectures, pigeons
and humans have functionally similar visual short-term memory systems, suggesting that the functional properties of visual
short-term memory are subject to similar selective pressures across these distant species. 相似文献
257.
Olatunji BO Etzel EN Tomarken AJ Ciesielski BG Deacon B 《Behaviour research and therapy》2011,(11):719-728
The present study examined the extent to which safety behaviors exacerbate symptoms of hypochondriasis (severe health anxiety). Participants were randomized into a safety behavior (n = 30) or control condition (n = 30). After a baseline period, participants in the safety behavior condition spent one week actively engaging in a clinically representative array of health-related safety behaviors on a daily basis, followed by a second week-long baseline period. Participants in the control condition monitored their normal use of safety behaviors. Compared to control participants, those in the safety behavior condition reported significantly greater increases in health anxiety, hypochondriacal beliefs, contamination fear, and avoidant responses to health-related behavioral tasks after the safety behavior manipulation. In contrast, general anxiety symptoms did not significantly differ between the two groups as a function of the manipulation. Mediational analyses were consistent with the hypothesis that changes in the frequency of health-related thoughts mediated the effects of the experimental manipulation on health anxiety. These findings suggest that safety behaviors are associated with increases in health anxiety, perhaps by fostering catastrophic thoughts about health. The implications of these findings for the conceptualization of hypochondriasis as an anxiety disorder are discussed. 相似文献
258.
Meg?RichardsonEmail author Vanessa?Cobham Judith?Murray Brett?McDermott 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2011,14(1):28-43
Research indicates that parents and other family members often grieve their child or relative’s mental illness. This grief
appears resultant from a profound sense of loss, which has been described as complicated and nonfinite (e.g., Atkinson in
Am J Psychiatry 151(8):1137–1139, 1994; Davis and Schultz in Soc Sci Med 46(3):369–379, 1998; Jones in Br J Soc Work 34:961–979, 2004; MacGregor in Soc Work 39(2):160–166, 1994; Osborne and Coyle in Couns Psychol Q 15(4):307–323, 2002; Ozgul in Aust N Z J Fam Ther 25(4):183–187, 2004; Tuck et al. in Arch Psychiatric Nurs 11(3):118–125, 1997). This paper reviews existent research in this emerging field, with a focus on parents’ grief experience in relation to their
adult child’s mental disorder. Studies that explore parents’ and family members’ grief, using both qualitative and quantitative
methodologies, are considered. Research evidence for the association between parents’ and family members’ grief and other
outcomes are discussed. Findings concerning the prediction of grief in parents and family members who have a child or relative
with a mental disorder will be reviewed. Finally, this paper considers methodological and theoretical issues associated with
existent research and presents options for further study. 相似文献
259.
This study examined the relations among the big five personality traits, emotional intelligence, and happiness. Participants
included 205 (51 females, 154 males) university students in India. A series of mediational path analyses tested whether emotional
intelligence mediated the relationship between personality traits and feelings of happiness. The analyses revealed that emotional
intelligence mediates associations between several personality factors and happiness for females but not for males. Specifically,
for females, emotional intelligence mediated the associations from conscientiousness and emotional instability to happiness,
while males evidenced only direct associations. The findings suggest different associations than those of past studies regarding
personality and happiness in Western samples. According to these results from an Indian sample, emotional intelligence may
serve as an intermediary from personality to happiness for females, but has independent contributions to happiness for males. 相似文献
260.
Heterospecific cues, such as gaze direction and body position, may be an important source of information that an animal can
use to infer the location of resources like food. The use of heterospecific cues has been largely investigated using primates,
dogs, and other mammals; less is known about whether birds can also use heterospecific gestures. We tested six Clark’s nutcrackers
in a two-way object-choice task using touch, point, and gaze cues to investigate whether these birds can use human gestures
to find food. Most of the birds were able to use a touch gesture during the first trial of testing and were able to learn
to use point and gaze (eyes and head alternation) cues after a limited number of trials. This study is the first to test a
non-social corvid on the object-choice task. The performance of non-social nutcrackers is similar to that of more social and
related corvids, suggesting that species with different evolutionary histories can utilize gestural information. 相似文献