Other-Initiated Motivational Climate and Youth Hockey Players’ Good and Poor Sport Behaviors

This study's purpose was to simultaneously examine the relationships between perceived coach-, peer-, and parent-initiated motivational climate and youth hockey players’ good and poor sport behavior (GPSB). Participants (N = 243) represented PeeWee, Bantam, and Midget hockey levels (11–17 years old). Hierarchical regression showed that hockey players’ goal orientations, perceived ability, and other-initiated motivational climate explained 22.6% (PeeWee) and 18.5% (Bantam/Midget) of the variance in Poor Sport Behavior while explaining 27.1% (PeeWee) and 34.6% (Bantam/Midget) of the variance in good sport behavior. Results provide perspective for how influential the social environment is to both GPSBs in youth hockey.     

Youth Negative Affect Attenuates Associations Between Compromise and Mother–Adolescent Conflict Outcomes

The study of conflict processes often focuses on the manner in which disagreements are resolved, such that relationship deterioration is a product of the failure to negotiate. However, conflict management tactics may not be the most salient feature of parent–adolescent conflicts because these relationships are obligatory, with power unevenly distributed, and negotiated resolutions unanticipated. Instead, parent–adolescent relationships may be more sensitive to the affective tenor of the interchange than the manner in which the dispute is resolved. In two studies, we examined the premise that relationship damage arising from disagreements between mothers and adolescent children is a product of negative affect and failure to compromise. Concurrent analyses involved reports from 101 (33 boys, 68 girls) adolescents (M = 13.89 years old) about conflict with mothers. Longitudinal analyses involved reports from 271 (112 boys, 159 girls) adolescents (M = 11.6 years old at the outset) about conflict with mothers at two time points 1 year apart. Compromise and youth negative affect were moderately correlated; when both were included as predictors of adverse relationship consequences arising from conflict, negative affect accounted for almost all of the variance, concurrently and prospectively. Scholars and practitioners who advise families that negotiated resolutions to disagreements help to avoid relationship disruption may be discouraged in their efforts unless a similar emphasis is placed on minimizing negative affect.     

Sex and age group differences in the associations between sleep duration and BMI from adolescence to young adulthood

Objective: We examine concurrent and longitudinal associations between sleep duration (SD) and body mass index (BMI) from adolescence to young adulthood, controlling for physical activity and internalising symptoms. Sex and age group differences (early adolescent group ages 12–15 years and late adolescent group ages 16–18 years) are examined.

Design: A randomly selected community-based sample of youth (N = 662; 48.3% males) were surveyed biannually from 2003 (T1) to 2014 (T6).

Results: We found sex and age group differences for the concurrent and longitudinal associations between SD and BMI. For males, shorter SD at baseline was concurrently related to higher BMI. For females, shorter SD at baseline was associated with longitudinal increases in BMI, for the late adolescent group only.

Conclusion: Findings show that the association between SD and BMI, previously shown in childhood, continues to be significant in adolescence and young adulthood. Developmentally appropriate and sex-specific strategies for motivating and supporting healthy sleep habits in adolescence that may help to prevent weight gain into young adulthood are discussed.     

A Simple, Exact Test for the Holland Hexagon

A method is presented for testing the full circumplex model implied by Holland's (1992) theory of vocational interests. The procedure is based on the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient applied to the hypothesized ranks among correlations defined by the hexagon. In keeping with Holland's stated preference for simple measures and techniques (Holland, 1992, pp. 6–7), the method is easy to compute and apply and, unlike existing techniques, is readily amenable to comparing the fit found in several matrices and for use in meta-analysis.     

Clinical Assessment of Child and Adolescent Sleep Disturbance

This article provides guidelines for counselors interested in developing their own assessment procedure to evaluate child and adolescent sleep disturbance. The guidelines include reviewing the developmental and medical history, screening for parental psychopathology, obtaining a child behavior rating scale and sleep diary, and conducting a semistructured clinical interview to identify the sleep history and specific concerns. Considerations for referring clients for additional evaluation such as an overnight sleep study are discussed.     

Timing accuracy of PC programs running under DOS and Windows

The time in which to press a key and the video retrace interval were measured under various conditions of MS-DOS, Windows 3.1, Windows 3.11, Windows 95, and Windows NT 4.0 Workstation. All the measurements were obtained with the same program running on a single Pentium 300 computer. In all, samples of 1,000 timing measurements were obtained in each of 96 different conditions. Standard deviations of the times ranged from about 0.0006 msec under DOS 6.22 to almost 40 msec under Windows 3.11, representing an increase in timing error of up to 6,000,000%. Researchers requiring millisecond timing accuracy are recommended to use DOS only.     

A Multicontextual Model of Counseling: Bridging Brevity and Diversity

Practice trends in counseling have emphasized the values of brevity and diversity in the delivery of services. In this article the author reviews central elements of brief therapy and multicultural counseling, highlighting the tension created by their differing developmental assumptions. Drawing on recent science and practice literature, the article outlines and illustrates an integrative, multicontextual model of counseling that bridges these important trends by intervening at the interface between individuals and their physical, social, and cultural contexts.     

Specific-cue effects of interpolated movements on distance and location retention in short-term motor memory

A short-term motor retention paradigm was used to examine the effect of interpolated movements on the recall of individual distance- and location-cue information. Subjects were instructed to learn either a distance or a location cue during the execution of simple, discrete original movements. Interpolated movements were then made which varied and repeated distance and location either individually or jointly. Changes in variable, absolute, and algebraic error from immediate to delayed recall were totally determined by interpolation of the individual instructed cue. No added recall changes were produced by interpolation of noninstructed cues. The data were interpreted as supporting the presence of a stimulus-selection process that dissociates kinesthetic information as a function of instructional set. The effects of inter-poated movements, then, are determined partially by this selection process.     

Schedule-induced polydipsia suppresses pituitary-adrenal activity in rats

The effects of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) on pituitary-adrenal activity, as indicated by plasma levels of corticosterone, were examined in a series of experiments. Male (Experiments 1 and 3) and female (Experiment 2) rats were reduced to 80% of their free-feeding weight and given daily sessions on an intermittent-feeding schedule (fixed time of 60 sec). Half of the subjects in each experiment had water available during experimental sessions and the other half did not. Animals with water available in the experimental chamber exhibited SIP in all three experiments. In Experiment 1, blood samples were collected following (a) food consumption in the home cage, (b) a session on FT 60 sec, and (c) a session with pellets available in a cup in the experimental chamber. In Experiment 2, blood samples were taken prior to and following an FT 60-sec session, and following a session with pellets available in a cup in the chamber. In Experiment 3, pre- and postsession samples were obtained as in Experiment 2 (Part A). Subsequently, the opportunity to drink during sessions was removed, and the effect on corticoids was examined (Part B). The results indicate that (a) schedule-induced drinking suppresses pituitary-adrenal activity, (b) corticoid suppression may become a conditioned response to drinking in the chamber, and (c) corticoids return to presession levels following removal of water from the chamber. In view of these findings, it is hypothesized that SIP may serve an arousal-reducing role in intermittent-feeding situations.