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101.
Attitudes toward four types of decision‐making strategies—clinical/fully rational, clinical/heuristic, actuarial/fully rational, and actuarial/heuristic—were examined across three studies. In Study 1, undergraduate students were split randomly between legal and medical decision‐making scenarios and asked to rate each strategy in terms of the following: (i) preference; (ii) accuracy; (iii) fairness; (iv) ethicalness; and (v) its perceived similarity to the strategies used by actual legal and medical professionals to make decisions. Studies 2 and 3 extended Study 1 by using a more relevant scenario and a community sample, respectively. Across the three studies, the clinical/fully rational strategy tended to be rated the highest across all attitudinal judgments, whereas the actuarial/heuristic strategy tended to receive the lowest ratings. Considering the two strategy‐differentiating factors separately, clinically based strategies tended to be rated higher than actuarially based strategies, and fully rational strategies were always rated higher than heuristic‐based strategies. The potential implications of the results for professionals' and those affected by their decisions are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
102.
There is increasing evidence to support the biological basis of mental disorders. Subsequently, understanding the neurobiological context from which mental distress arises can help counselors appropriately apply cognitive behavioral therapy and other well‐researched cognitive interventions. The purpose of this article is to describe the neurobiological context underlying the formation and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorders, a mental disorder frequently encountered by counselors, from a cognitive therapy framework. 相似文献
103.
S. Alexandra Burt M. Brent Donnellan Jennifer L. Tackett 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2012,34(2):153-163
There is converging evidence that physical aggression and non-aggressive rule-breaking constitute meaningfully distinct, if
somewhat overlapping, dimensions of antisocial behavior, with different developmental trajectories, demographic correlates,
and etiologies. Social aggression can also be factor-analytically and demographically distinguished from physically aggressive
and rule-breaking antisocial behavior. However, there is ongoing debate as to whether social aggression should also be considered
“antisocial” in the way the term is commonly understood, given that socially aggressive behaviors are generally legal and
nearly normative during adolescence. The current study sought to empirically evaluate the notion that social aggression constitutes
a form of antisocial behavior that is separable from other forms of antisocial behavior. We thus conducted a preliminary study
to examine whether social aggression was associated with other forms of antisocial behavior and a variety of correlates of
antisocial behavior in a sample of 497 undergraduates. Analyses revealed that social aggression was independently associated
with other measures of antisocial behavior, substance use and unethical behaviors, as well as the personality traits known
to predict current and future antisocial behavior. These associations were particularly pronounced in women. Such findings
are consistent with our hypothesis that social aggression constitutes a distinct form of antisocial behavior. 相似文献
104.
Brent A. Mattingly Diane Whitson Melinda J. B. Mattingly 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2012,31(3):263-281
Relatively little research exists regarding individuals who intentionally induce jealousy in their romantic partners, which is partially due to the absence of validated measures assessing romantic jealousy-induction behaviors and motivations. In the current study, we developed measures and examined the correlates of romantic jealousy-induction behaviors and motivations. Results indicated that the Romantic Jealousy-Induction Scale was unifactorial and reliable, whereas the Motives for Inducing Romantic Jealousy Scale consisted of five theoretically meaningful and reliable factors. In general, the romantic jealousy-induction behaviors and motives were associated with greater experienced jealousy, greater attachment avoidance and anxiety, lower relationship satisfaction and commitment, greater relationship alternatives, less passionate love, and greater game-playing and obsessive love. 相似文献
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107.
Linn D. Young 《创造性行为杂志》2012,46(3):220-243
To provide a more developed research model of innovation in organizations, we reconsidered current thinking about the effects of organizational justice on innovative behavior at work. We investigated the mediating role of perceived organizational support (POS) between the two constructs. As hypothesized, empirical results showed that justice dimensions were related to innovative behavior of employees, whereas all of their relationships became no longer significant when POS intervened (full mediation). This indicates that organizational justice promotes innovative behavior through the psychological mechanism of POS rather than directly. We discussed implications and limitations of this study, and proposed future research avenues. 相似文献
108.
The post-high school transition period is believed to be associated with considerable changes in social networks, yet longitudinal studies documenting these changes are scarce. To address this gap, the current research explored 3 relevant issues. First, changes in participants' relationship characteristics during the transition from high school were examined. Second, the roles of personality traits as antecedents of these changes were studied. Third, the association between change in relationship characteristics and personality during the transition was explored. A sample of over 2,000 German emerging adults, surveyed before leaving school and then 2 years after the transition from high school, was assessed on personality traits and a multidimensional assessment of the quality of their relationships. Findings indicated that participants experienced mostly positive changes in relationship quality during the transition from high school and that antecedent personality at school was an important predictor of the nature of this change. Finally, change in relationship quality was found to be associated with personality change during the post-school transition. Findings indicated that personality traits may influence transition success and that change in relationships during this transition may influence personality development. The implications of the research for post-school transition success are discussed. 相似文献
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Jessica Mange Woo Young Chun Keren Sharvit Jocelyn J. Belanger 《European journal of social psychology》2012,42(5):552-556
Is the same person perceived as more dangerous if the perceiver is induced to think about Arab and Muslim categories versus no category? Using the shooter paradigm, this study investigated the effects of the accessibility of ethnic (Arab) versus religious (Muslim) categories versus no category on spontaneous aggressive responses toward a target with an ambiguous appearance. Results demonstrated that shooting reactions toward armed targets were faster than non‐shooting reactions toward unarmed targets, especially if the target was a man. Despite these main effects, participants made faster decisions to shoot an ambiguous armed target if primed with the category Arab or Muslim (versus no category priming). The findings indicate that the mere priming of these social categories is sufficient to facilitate aggressive responses, even if the targets themselves are ambiguous. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献