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91.
Francis X. Brennan Kevin D. Beck Richard J. Sevatius 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2002,38(1):36-44
Leverpress escape/avoidance is an excellent model for assessing coping in rats. Acquisition of the leverpress response is
determined by the interstimulus (signal-shock) interval, as well as the type and duration of the aversive event. One factor
that has received less research attention is the safety or feedback signal. The safety signal presumably negatively reinforces
leverpress responding through fear reduction. Here, we present a parametric manipulation of safety signal length and avoidance
performance. All rats were trained with a 60-s tone conditioned stimulus and an intermittent 1-s, 1.0-mA footshock. Training
was further accomplished with a 1−, 2−, 4−, or 6-min safety signal. Acquisition of the avoidance response was comparable at
all safety signal durations. Rats trained with the shortest safety signal (1 min) exhibited more leverpresses during the safe
period, a measure of anxiety. Thus, acquisition of the leverpress avoidance response was efficient regardless of safety signal
duration, even though shorter periods were associated with greater anxiety. 相似文献
92.
Catherine P. Bradshaw Anne L. Sawyer Lindsey M. O’Brennan 《American journal of community psychology》2009,43(3-4):204-220
Social disorganization theory suggests that certain school-level indictors of disorder may be important predictors of bullying-related attitudes and behaviors. Multilevel analyses were conducted on bullying-related attitudes and experiences among 22,178 students in 95 elementary and middle schools. The intraclass correlation coefficients indicated that 0.6–2% of the variance in victimization, 5–10% of the variance in retaliatory attitudes, 5–6% of the variance in perceptions of safety, and 0.9% of the variance in perpetration of bullying was associated with the clustering of students within schools. Although the specific associations varied somewhat for elementary schools as compared to middle schools, the hierarchical linear modeling analyses generally suggested that school-level indicators of disorder (e.g., student–teacher ratio, concentration of student poverty, suspension rate, and student mobility) were significant predictors of bullying-related attitudes and experiences. Student-level characteristics (i.e., sex, ethnicity, status in school) were also relevant to students’ retaliatory attitudes, perceptions of safety, and involvement in bullying. Implications for school-based research and violence prevention are provided. 相似文献
93.
94.
95.
Age differences in within-session habituation of exploratory behavior: effects of stimulus complexity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M J Brennan D Allen D Aleman E C Azmitia D Quartermain 《Behavioral and neural biology》1984,42(1):61-72
The effects of age on the habituation of exploratory behavior of 8-month- and 28-month-old male C57BL/NNia mice were examined under three different stimulus complexity conditions. Increases in the degree of stimulus complexity resulted in an attenuation of between-session habituation and an initial disruption of within-session habituation by 8-month-old mice. Although increases in stimulus complexity also resulted in an increase in the overall level of exploration by aged mice, stimulus complexity was not found to have a systematic effect on between- or within-session habituation by aged mice. No between-session habituation was observed in aged mice under any of the stimulus complexity conditions. Further, aged mice exhibited significant within-session increases, rather than decreases, in exploration under each stimulus complexity condition. This disruption of within-session habituation in aged mice was found to persist over four daily test sessions. In view of the specific patterns of exploration by aged mice, the disruption of within-session habituation was attributed to age-related differences in reactivity to the arousal-inducing properties of novel stimuli. 相似文献
96.
97.
A critical examination is made of some behavioristic conceptualizations and treatments of chronic anxiety which are mostly based on a classically-conditioned fear model. A new model is proposed wherein it is assumed that tonic emotional states such as anxiety are more based on instrumental conditioning. This model has been successfully tested in experiments with monkeys. Questions remain about the relevance of this model with regard to the natural actual life etiology of these disorders. 相似文献
98.
99.
Eileen M. Brennan Ellen B. Ryan William E. Dawson 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1975,4(1):27-36
In each of three experiments, 24 students judged the accentedness present in the speech of eight Spanish-English bilinguals.Ss gave magnitude estimations and also squeezed a hand dynamometer to indicate the amount of accentedness in the reading of an English passage by each of the speakers. There was significant agreement amongSs regarding the speech samples with each scaling method, and interscale agreement was good. Power functions fitted to the data had exponents falling in the range expected from earlier psychophysical studies. Scale values correlated significantly with the frequency of accented pronunciations by the speakers as judged by two independent judges. The use of these scaling methods for future research on linguistic features of accent and on the relation between accent and language attitudes is discussed. 相似文献
100.
Using the assumption of randomly parallel tests and concepts from generalizability theory, three signal/noise ratios for domain-referenced
tests are developed, discussed, and compared. The three ratios have the same noise but different signals depending upon the
kind of decision to be made as a result of measurement. It is also shown that these ratios incorporate a definition of noise
or error which is different from the classical definition of noise typically used to characterize norm-referenced tests.
Part of the work leading to this paper was accomplished while the authors were assistant professors at the State University
of New York at Stony Brook. 相似文献