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171.
Older adults have more difficulty than younger adults appropriately directing their behavior when the required response is in competition with a prepotent response. The authors varied the difficulty of inhibiting a prepotent eye movement response by varying the response cue (peripheral onset or central arrow). The response cue manipulation did not affect prosaccade accuracy and latency for either age group and did not affect younger adults' antisaccades. Older adults' antisaccades were slower in the peripheral cue condition than in the central arrow condition. These findings are taken as support for the inhibitory deficit hypothesis of aging (L. Hasher, R. T. Zacks, & C. P. May, 1999). 相似文献
172.
Thomas LE Ambinder MS Hsieh B Levinthal B Crowell JA Irwin DE Kramer AF Lleras A Simons DJ Wang RF 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2006,13(5):891-895
Inhibition of return (IOR) has long been viewed as a foraging facilitator in visual search. We investigated the contribution
of IOR in a task that approximates natural foraging more closely than typical visual search tasks. Participants in a fully
immersive virtual reality environment manually searched an array of leaves for a hidden piece of fruit, using a wand to select
and examine each leaf location. Search was slower than in typical IOR paradigms, taking seconds instead of a few hundred milliseconds.
Participants also made a speeded response when they detected a flashing leaf that either was or was not in a previously searched
location. Responses were slower when the flashing leaf was in a previously searched location than when it was in an unvisited
location. These results generalize IOR to an approximation of a naturalistic visual search setting and support the hypothesis
that IOR can facilitate foraging. The experiment also constitutes the first use of a fully immersive virtual reality display
in the study of IOR. 相似文献
173.
174.
Older adults process emotional information differently than younger adults and may demonstrate less of a negativity bias on cognitive tasks. The Iowa Gambling Task designed by A. Bechara, H. Damasio, D. Tranel, and A. R. Damasio (1997) has been used to examine the integration of emotion and cognition in a risky-choice decision task and may give insight into differences in the decision-making strategies in younger and older adults. Eighty-eight younger adults (18-34 years) and 67 older adults (65-88 years) completed the Iowa Gambling Task. Using a theoretical decomposition of the task designed by J. R. Busemeyer and J. C. Stout (2002), the authors found that both groups were successful at solving the task but used very different strategies that reflected each group's strength. For younger adults, that strength was learning and memory. For older adults, that strength was an accurate representation of wins and losses (valence). 相似文献
175.
Preference orderings among a set of options may depend on the elicitation method (e.g., choice or pricing); these preference reversals challenge traditional decision theories. Previous attempts to explain these reversals have relied on allowing utility of the options to change across elicitation methods by changing the decision weights, the attribute values, or the combination of this information--still, no theory has successfully accounted for all the phenomena. In this article, the authors present a new computational model that accounts for the empirical trends without changing decision weights, values, or combination rules. Rather, the current model specifies a dynamic evaluation and response process that correctly predicts preference orderings across 6 elicitation methods, retains stable evaluations across methods, and makes novel predictions regarding response distributions and response times. 相似文献
176.
This research examined the association of having a tattoo and engaging in premarital sexual intercourse. Data gathered from a convenience sample of 450 college students indicated that tattooed respondents were substantively and significantly more likely to be sexually active than nontattooed college students. Tattooed men became sexually active at a significantly earlier age than nontattooed men but no such difference was found between tattooed and nontattooed college women. 相似文献
177.
The purpose of this article is to provide a foundation for a more formal, systematic, and integrative approach to function
learning that parallels the existing progress in category learning. First, we note limitations of existing formal theories.
Next, we develop several potential formal models of function learning, which include expansion of classic rule-based approaches
and associative-based models. We specify for the first time psychologically based learning mechanisms for the rule models.
We then present new, rigorous tests of these competing models that take into account order of difficulty for learning different
function forms and extrapolation performance. Critically, detailed learning performance was also used to conduct the model
evaluations. The results favor a hybrid model that combines associative learning of trained input—prediction pairs with a
rule-based output response for extrapolation (EXAM). 相似文献
178.
Embodied meaning in a neural theory of language 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
179.
The topic of shame in group therapy has received limited attention in the group therapy literature. When the topic has been addressed, the focus has been on the shame of the group members. The shame of the group leader and its effect on leadership efficacy and group process has received inadequate attention, given what seems to be its power and prevalence. In this article we examine shame and the group therapist with regard to (1) potentially shameful topics and (2) dynamics that evoke shame. Suggestions for both the mitigation of shame and the enhancement of the leader's self-esteem in dispatching the role and functions of group therapist are offered. In discussing this subject, we propose to normalize group therapist shame by emphasizing the challenges and complexity of group leadership. While the examples illustrate an array of emotions, our purpose is to focus on their shameful elements because they are (1) frequently ignored or overlooked; (2) not made explicit; or (3) discussed in other terms, such as narcissism. In doing so, we invite the reader to consider the clinical utility of the hypothesis that shame has a powerful presence and impact on our leadership image and effectiveness. 相似文献
180.
Research in the burgeoning field of threat assessment has illuminated the importance of mental illness factors when considering risk of targeted violence-particularly related to government agencies and officials. The authors analyzed 127 cases investigated by a state law enforcement agency regarding threatening or other contacts toward public officials or state agency employees prompting security intervention. Univariate and discriminant analysis indicated that mentally ill subjects were significantly more likely to engage in more contacts as well as to make specific demands during such contacts. Mentally ill subjects were also more likely to articulate help-seeking concerns and employ religious themes, as opposed to using insulting, degrading, or ominous language toward the target or issuing complaints regarding policy issues. Contrary to other research, the mentally ill subjects within this sample were not significantly more likely to engage in approach behavior, a threshold for higher risk of violence. Implications for threat assessment activity are discussed. 相似文献