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101.
Previous research has documented a tendency for people to make more risk‐seeking decisions for others than for themselves in relationship scenarios. Two experiments investigated whether this self–other difference is moderated by participants' self‐esteem and anxiety levels. In Experiment 1, lower self‐esteem and higher anxiety levels were associated with more risk‐averse choices for personal decisions but not for decisions for others. Therefore, participants with lower self‐esteem/higher anxiety showed greater self–other differences in comparison to participants with higher self‐esteem/lower anxiety levels. Experiment 2 demonstrated that this effect was largely mediated by participants' expectations of success and feelings about potential negative outcomes. These results are discussed in the context of “threats to the self,” with a central role played by anxiety and self‐esteem threats in personal decision making but not in decision making for others. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
102.
103.
Perception of Faces and Bodies 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
104.
Munakata Y Herd SA Chatham CH Depue BE Banich MT O'Reilly RC 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2011,15(10):453-459
Inhibiting unwanted thoughts, actions and emotions figures centrally in daily life, and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is widely viewed as a source of this inhibitory control. We argue that the function of the PFC is best understood in terms of representing and actively maintaining abstract information, such as goals, which produces two types of inhibitory effects on other brain regions. Inhibition of some subcortical regions takes a directed global form, with prefrontal regions providing contextual information relevant to when to inhibit all processing in a region. Inhibition within neocortical (and some subcortical) regions takes an indirect competitive form, with prefrontal regions providing excitation of goal-relevant options. These distinctions are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition and how they can be impaired or improved. 相似文献
105.
106.
Alison Stone 《Continental Philosophy Review》2010,43(3):353-372
In this article I rethink death and mortality on the basis of birth and natality, drawing on the work of the Italian feminist
philosopher Adriana Cavarero. She understands birth to be the corporeal event whereby a unique person emerges from the mother’s
body into the common world. On this basis Cavarero reconceives death as consisting in bodily dissolution and re-integration
into cosmic life. This impersonal conception of death coheres badly with her view that birth is never exclusively material
but always has ontological significance as the appearance of someone new and singular in the world of relations with others.
This view of birth calls for a relational conception of death, which I develop in this article. On this conception, death
is always collective, affecting all those with whom the one who dies has maintained relations: As such, our different deaths
shade into one another. Moreover, because each person is unique in virtue of consisting of a unique web of relations with
others, death always happens to persons as webs of relations. Death is relational in this way as a corporeal, and specifically biological, phenomenon, to which we are
subject as bodily beings and as interdependent living organisms. I explore this with reference to Simone de Beauvoir’s memoir
of her mother’s death from cancer. Finally I argue that, on this relational conception, death is something to be feared. 相似文献
107.
Stone A 《Cognition》2008,108(3):874-880
The Burton, Bruce and Johnston [Burton, A. M., Bruce, V., & Johnston, R. A. (1990). Understanding face recognition with an interactive activation model. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 361-380] model of person recognition proposes that representations of known persons are connected by shared semantic attributes. This predicts that priming should be observed between persons from the same category, e.g. famous persons with the same occupation. Empirical investigations to date have produced mixed results, and comparison of methods suggests that priming based on shared occupation may have been suppressed by the presence of prime-target pairs representing a stronger relationship of close association. In the present experiment, 72 participants performed a familiarity decision to famous names preceded by close associates or members of the same occupational category. As predicted, categorical priming was observed in the group of participants for whom the same occupation prime-target pairs were presented before the close-associate pairs, but not in the group for whom the two types of relationship were intermixed. Associate priming was significant in both groups. These results are attributed to differing levels of processing of the primes, invoked by participants' observation of the most salient prime-target relationship. 相似文献
108.
Susan E. Gathercole Emily Durling Matthew Evans Sarah Jeffcock Sarah Stone 《Applied cognitive psychology》2008,22(8):1019-1037
Laboratory analogues of classroom activities on which children with low working memory skills have been observed to perform very poorly were developed and employed in two studies. In Study 1, 5‐ and 6‐year‐old completed one task involving recalling spoken sentences and counting the numbers of words, and another task involving the identification of rhyming words in spoken poems. Poorer performance of low than average working memory children was obtained on the recall measure of both tasks. In Study 2, 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children heard spoken instructions involving the manipulation of a sequence of objects, and were asked either to perform the instructions or repeat them, in different conditions. The accuracy of performing but not repeating instructions was strongly associated with working memory skills. These results indicate that working memory plays a significant role in typical classroom activities that involve both the storage and mental manipulation of information. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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110.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a premarital educational program, with the secondary goal of determining
if the structure (conjoint versus group) and the participants’ gender influenced program effectiveness. Data were collected
from 29 heterosexual couples. Couples were placed in one of three conditions: (1) premarital education in a group format,
(2) premarital education as an individual couple, or (3) the comparison group (no premarital education). The goal of the 8-week
intervention was to improve couples’ readiness and preparation for marriage as measured by the PREP-M. The findings suggested
that the educational program achieved its stated goal.
*The authors would like to acknowledge Aaron Mathney, Dr. Joe Turner, Dr. Kathy Rettig, Sarah DeJean, and Dena Wyum for their
assistance with this project. 相似文献