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Brendan Gaesser Haley D. DiBiase Elizabeth A. Kensinger 《Memory (Hove, England)》2017,25(8):1052-1062
Prospection and prosociality are hallmarks of our species. Little is known, however, about how our ability to imagine or simulate specific future events contributes to our capacity for prosociality. Here, we investigated this relationship, revealing how the affective response that arises from a simulated prosocial event motivates a willingness to help a person in need. Across two experiments, people reported being more willing to help in specific situations after simulating future helping events that elicited positive (versus negative or neutral) affect. Positive affect increased engagement of theory of mind for the person in need, which in turn informed prosocial responses. Moreover, the subjective experience of scene imagery and theory of mind systematically couple together depending on the affective valence of future simulations, providing new insight into how affective valence guides a prosocial function of episodic simulation. 相似文献
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Jess E. Reynolds Sophie Kerrigan Catherine Elliott Brendan S. Lay Melissa K. Licari 《Journal of motor behavior》2017,49(4):378-387
It has been hypothesized that deficits in imitation, linked to abnormal functioning of the mirror neuron system (MNS), may contribute to the motor impairments associated with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The authors aimed to examine imitation of complex novel postures and sequences of gestures in children with and without probable DCD (pDCD), using the postural praxis and sequencing praxis subtests of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (Ayres, 1989). Participants were 29 boys with pDCD between 6.08 and 13.33 years old, and 29 group age-matched typically developing boys between 6.08 and 13.83 years old. Responses of children with pDCD on both imitation tasks were less accurate than controls, with group differences more apparent with increasing task complexity. Furthermore, as a group, children with pDCD were slower and had a higher number of non–mirror-imitated responses. There was considerable variability within the pDCD group, with some children displaying imitation scores within the normative range. Given the importance of imitation and visual learning for motor development, the difficulties in imitation displayed by some children with pDCD have the potential to impact on movement acquisition. Interventions to target imitation may be beneficial for these children. The results show that children with pDCD had difficulty imitating complex novel postures, children with pDCD had difficulty imitating gesture sequences, children with pDCD had slower responses than controls, group differences in imitation performance increased with task complexity, and not all children with pDCD displayed imitation deficits. 相似文献
86.
Brendan A. Rich Melissa A. Brotman Daniel P. Dickstein Derek G. V. Mitchell R. James R. Blair Ellen Leibenluft 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(5):695-706
Studying attention in the context of emotional stimuli may aid in differentiating pediatric bipolar disorder (BD) from severe
mood dysregulation (SMD). SMD is characterized by chronic irritability, arousal, and hyper-reactivity; SMD youth frequently
receive a BD diagnosis although they do not meet DSM-IV criteria for BD because they lack manic episodes. We compared 57 BD
(14.4 ± 2.9 years old, 56% male), 41 SMD (12.6 ± 2.6 years old, 66% male), and 33 control subjects (13.7 ± 2.5 years old,
52% male) using the Emotional Interrupt task, which examines how attention is impacted by positive, negative, or neutral distracters.
We compared reaction time (RT) and accuracy and calculated attention interference scores by subtracting performance on neutral
trials from emotional trials. Between-group analyses indicated that SMD subjects had significantly reduced attention interference
from emotional distracters relative to BD and control subjects. Thus, attention in SMD youth was not modulated by emotional
stimuli. This blunted response in SMD youth may contribute to their affective and behavioral dysregulation. 相似文献
87.
Chikako Ozawa-de Silva Brendan Ozawa-de Silva 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2010,49(1):147-161
Adapted from a Shin Buddhist style of meditation, Naikan (" inner-looking ") is a week-long contemplative practice that involves reviewing one's life from the perspectives of others and has been called an indigenous Japanese psychotherapy due to its effectiveness in treating a variety of disorders. Data collected during an extended ethnographic study of Naikan in both Japan and Austria reveal that Naikan, a "secularized" practice that removes overtly Buddhist references and practices, effects changes in clients' subjectivity that are strikingly similar to those sought after in Buddhist traditions. This suggests that Naikan operates therapeutically on an existential level and employs cognitive techniques that, while originating in Buddhism, remain efficacious outside a Buddhist context. The potential for certain contemplative practices to effect transformations of subjectivity across religious and cultural contexts may be greater than commonly assumed. 相似文献
88.
A common assumption implicit in cognitive models is that lexical semantics can be approximated by using randomly generated
representations to stand in for word meaning. However, the use of random representations contains the hidden assumption that
semantic similarity is symmetrically distributed across randomly selected words or between instances within a semantic category.
We evaluated this assumption by computing similarity distributions for randomly selected words from a number of well-known
semantic measures and comparing them with the distributions from random representations commonly used in cognitive models.
The similarity distributions from all semantic measures were positively skewed compared with the symmetric normal distributions
assumed by random representations. We discuss potential consequences that this false assumption may have for conclusions drawn
from process models that use random representations. 相似文献
89.
The permutation test follows directly from the procedure in a comparative experiment, does not depend on a known distribution
for error, and is sometimes more sensitive to real effects than are the corresponding parametric tests. Despite its advantages,
the permutation test is seldom (if ever) applied to factorial designs because of the computational load that they impose.
We propose two methods to limit the computation load. We show, first, that orthogonal contrasts limit the computational load
and, second, that when combined with Gill’s (2007) algorithm, the factorial permutation test is both practical and efficient.
For within-subjects designs, the factorial permutation test is equivalent to an ANOVA when the latter’s assumptions have been
met. For between-subjects designs, the factorial test is conservative. Code to execute the routines described in this article
may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
90.
Jolanda Jetten Brendan J. McAuliffe Matthew J. Hornsey Michael A. Hogg 《European journal of social psychology》2006,36(6):825-843
The power of individualist and collectivist group norms to influence intergroup and inter‐individual differentiation was examined in three studies. Study 1 revealed that intergroup differentiation was lower when group norms prescribed individualism than when they prescribed collectivism. However, inter‐individual differentiation was higher when group norms endorsed individualism than when they promoted collectivism. In Studies 2 and 3 we found evidence for the moderating effect of group salience on the relationship between norms and differentiation. Specifically, the effect that individualist group norms reduced intergroup differentiation but enhanced inter‐individual differentiation was more pronounced when group salience was high rather than low. This finding demonstrates that conformity to a group norm prescribing individualism influences the manner in which positive differentiation is expressed. The discussion focuses on the caveats of introducing individualist group norms when attempting to reduce intergroup differentiation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献