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61.
In order to investigate the impact of high ambient temperature on the motivation of angered persons, 48 men were either insulted or not insulted under normal or excessively hot conditions. The men received ratings from a partner that conveyed a negative or neutral personality evaluation, ostensibly as part of an impression-formation task. During this time, the participants were exposed to normal or excessively hot temperatures in an experimental room while their partners were in a normal temperature room. The subjects were subsequently given the opportunity to choose between two tasks for the next part of the study. One task, described as tedious, permitted their leaving the situation earlier than did the other task, described as involving administration of white noise to their partner. The results revealed that the insulted relative to noninsulted men more often chose to participate in a potentially aggressive interaction in the normal conditions whereas insulted relative to noninsulted men chose more often to participate in a nonaggressive task in the hot conditions. The design of the study precluded a shared stress interpretation of the data. Supplementary data were interpreted as supporting a negative affect rather than an attributional interpretation of the results. 相似文献
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Intraindividual personality variability is a construct that reflects the extent to which a person's self-reported personality changes over time or across social roles. Past studies have linked variability with important outcomes such as adjustment and well-being. However, existing variability measures conflate mean-level variance with true change over time, and thus these past findings are questionable. Three studies were conducted to examine the psychometric properties of existing variability indexes and to develop a new index that does not suffer from the problem of conflated variance. This new index is reliable and valid and can predict actual changes in self-reports over time. However, once mean-level variance is removed, intraindividual variability is no longer related to well-being. 相似文献
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John Sharry Melissa Darmody Brendan Madden 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》2002,30(4):383-399
Self-harm and suicide are amongst the most challenging and frightening problems that therapists and counsellors can encounter in the course of their work. The risk of clients harming themselves in the course of treatment can debilitate the therapists from acting creatively and collaboratively, and make their actions defensive, focused solely on risk assessment rather than therapeutic change.Yet it is precisely a creative and collaborative response, such as that engendered by solution-focused therapy and other models, that is the most likely to facilitate change and re-empower clients to take back charge of their lives. This article describes a solution-focused approach to working with suicidal clients that can be used in conjunction with traditional approaches and which focus on establishing safety as well as assessing risk.Working from this model the clinician shifts to identifying client strengths and coping skills, to collaborating with the client to establish meaningful goals and to helping the client envision a positive future. Arguably, such an approach can increase collaboration between therapist and client and lead to a more client-centred safety plan. 相似文献
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Biases in visual orienting to negative and positive scenes in dysphoria: An eye movement study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The study investigated biases for negative information in component processes of visual attention (initial shift vs. maintenance of gaze) in dysphoric and nondysphoric individuals. Eye movements were recorded while participants viewed a series of picture pairs depicting negative, positive, and neutral scenes (each pair presented for 3 s). Biases in initial orienting were assessed from the direction and latency of the initial shift in gaze, whereas biases in the maintenance of attention were assessed from the duration of gaze on the picture that was initially fixated. Results indicated that the dysphoric group showed a significantly greater bias to maintain gaze longer on negative pictures, relative to control pictures, compared with the nondysphoric group. There was no evidence of a dysphoria-related bias in initial shift of orienting to negative cues. Results are consistent with a depression-related bias that operates in the maintenance of attention on negative material. 相似文献
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Brendan Clarke Donald Gillies Phyllis Illari Federica Russo Jon Williamson 《Topoi》2014,33(2):339-360
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) makes use of explicit procedures for grading evidence for causal claims. Normally, these procedures categorise evidence of correlation produced by statistical trials as better evidence for a causal claim than evidence of mechanisms produced by other methods. We argue, in contrast, that evidence of mechanisms needs to be viewed as complementary to, rather than inferior to, evidence of correlation. In this paper we first set out the case for treating evidence of mechanisms alongside evidence of correlation in explicit protocols for evaluating evidence. Next we provide case studies which exemplify the ways in which evidence of mechanisms complements evidence of correlation in practice. Finally, we put forward some general considerations as to how the two sorts of evidence can be more closely integrated by EBM. 相似文献
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Efficacy of neurostimulation to treat symptoms of Mal de Debarquement Syndrome. A preliminary study using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation 下载免费PDF全文
Mal de debarquement syndrome (MdDS) is a rare and poorly understood condition of perceived continual motion. Using a multiple‐case design (n = 13; 8 f; 63.5 ± 12.6 years), this study investigated the efficacy of eight 20‐min sessions, over 4 weeks, of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral pre‐frontal cortex. Compared to sham, rTMS demonstrated improvement in balance and confidence in daily living activities. rTMS shows promise for the treatment of MdDS. However, larger trials with longer intervention periods are required. 相似文献