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341.
Young infants use caregivers' emotional expressions to guide their behavior in novel, ambiguous situations. This skill, known as social referencing, likely involves at least 3 separate abilities: (a) looking at an adult in an unfamiliar situation, (b) associating that adult's emotion with the novel situation, and (c) regulating their own emotions in response to the adult's emotional display. The authors measured each of these elements individually as well as how they related to each other. The results revealed that 12-month-olds allocated more attention, as indicated by event-related potential measures, to stimuli associated with negative adult emotion than to those associated with positive or neutral emotion. Infants' interaction with their caregiver was affected by adult emotional displays. In addition, how quickly infants referenced an adult predicted both their brain activity in response to pictures of stimuli associated with negative emotion as well as some aspects of their behavior regulation. The results are discussed with respect to their significance for understanding why infants reference and regulate their behavior in response to adult emotion. Suggestions for further research are provided. 相似文献
342.
The present paper re-appraises connectionist attempts to explain how human cognitive development appears to progress through a series of sequential stages. Models of performance on the Piagetian balance scale task are the focus of attention. Limitations of these models are discussed and replications and extensions to the work are provided via the Cascade-Correlation algorithm. An application of multi-group latent class analysis for examining performance of the networks is described and these results reveal fundamental functional characteristics of the networks. Evidence is provided that strongly suggests that the networks are unable to acquire a mastery of torque and, although they do recover certain rules of operation that humans do, they also show a propensity to acquire rules never previously seen. 相似文献
343.
344.
It is important to be able to offer an account of which activities count as scientific research, given our current interest
in promoting research as a means to benefit humankind and in ethically regulating it. We attempt to offer such an account,
arguing that we need to consider both the procedural and functional dimensions of an activity before we can establish whether
it is a genuine instance of scientific research. By placing research in a broader schema of activities, the similarities and
differences between research activities and other activities become visible. It is also easier to show why some activities
that do not count as research can sometimes be confused with research and why some other activities can be regarded only partially
as research. Although the concept of research is important to delimit a class of activities which we might be morally obliged
to promote, we observe that the class of activities which are regarded as subject to ethical regulation is not exhausted by
research activities. We argue that, whether they be research or not, all the activities that are likely to affect the rights
and interests of the individuals involved and impact on the rights and interests of other individuals raise ethical issues
and might be in need of ethical regulation. 相似文献
345.
A majority of mothers, whether right- or left-handed, exhibit a preference to hold their babies to the left of the body midline. One of the earliest explanations for this finding proposed that babies were being held close to the mother's heart [Salk, L. (1960). World Mental Health, 12 , 168–175]. Salk suggested that the foetus becomes imprinted on the sound of the maternal heartbeat in utero. This paper reports a left holding preference in a mother who has the heart positioned on the right rather than the normal left side of the body. Salk's ‘heartbeat hypothesis’ is not supported by the holding preference of the dextrocardiac mother, nor by the detailed patterns of holding in the control group. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
346.
A sample of 157 adult artists completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire together with information about the frequency of church attendance. The data confirmed that church attendance is significantly associated with psychoticism scores, but independent of both extraversion and neuroticism. 相似文献
347.
Brenda Gay 《International Journal of Children's Spirituality》2000,5(1):61-74
In this article the author examines ways in which spiritual development can be fostered through the religious dimension of schools. She first looks the problem of defining 'spiritual development' and discusses some empirical work in this area. She then presents some of the findings of her pilot study into the perceptions of the religious dimension of their schools by 287 Year 7 and 231 Year 10 pupils in 17 girls' independent schools. She shows the insights gained into spiritual development from pupils' responses to questions on collective worship, Religious Education lessons and school ethos. 相似文献
348.
Brenda Lundy Tiffany Field Maricel Cigales Anai Cuadra Jeffrey Pickens 《Infant mental health journal》1997,18(3):265-273
This study investigated vocal and facial expression matching in 24 10-month-old infants. Half of the mothers had reported depressive symptoms [i.e., elevated scores on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Index (CES-D)] during the previous week. Infants were tested using a two-screen preference procedure in which they were presented side-by-side videos of different facial expressions modeled by one female reciting a children's story. A centrally located speaker was used to present a vocal expression soundtrack that matched one of the facial expressions. Separate analyses of variances (ANOVAs) were conducted to analyze the proportion total matching and proportion total looking to the happy and sad expressions. Infants of mothers who reported depressive symptoms displayed less accurate matching of the happy facial and vocal expressions and looked more to sad facial expressions compared to infants of mothers who had not reported depressive symptoms above the normal range. Infants' performance on the expression matching task appears to be related to their primary caregivers' reports of depressive symptoms during the previous week. However, other factors that may be related to the group differences also need to be considered. For example, maternal reports of depressive symptoms may be a marker for other underlying factors that may have affected their infants' performance. © 1997 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health 相似文献
349.
Brenda L. Lundy Tiffany Field Anai Cuadra Graciela Nearing Maricel Cigales Michiyo Hashimoto 《Infant and child development》1996,5(3):129-134
Previous research has demonstrated the positive effects of early contact on mother–infant touching behaviours. The present study investigated whether the type of maternal touching, shortly after birth, is also determined by the mother's mood state. Mothers with depressive symptoms were compared to non-depressive mothers 1 day after delivery on how they touched their newborns following an initial feeding. The results were counter-intuitive in that no differences were found between mothers with depressive symptoms and non-depressive mothers in type of maternal touching. However, mothers with depressive symptoms talked to their infants less often and talked on the phone more often. In addition, mothers with depressive symptoms showed more neutral and negative facial expressions and fewer positive and more neutral vocal expressions. 相似文献
350.
Gutierrez Brenda C. Halim May Ling D. Martinez M. Anais Arredondo Maria 《Sex roles》2020,82(9-10):558-569
Sex Roles - Gender-stereotypical attitudes that males should be the protectors and that females need special care as the more delicate gender may reflect foundational components of benevolent... 相似文献