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11.
Custance D Prato-Previde E Spiezio C Rigamonti MM Poli M 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2006,120(3):303-313
An artificial fruit (AF) was used to test for social learning in pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) and adult humans (Homo sapiens). A monkey demonstrator opened the AF, showing alternative methods to 2 groups of cage mates. Video films of the monkey demonstrations were presented to adult humans. Compared with chimpanzees and children, the macaques watched the demonstrations significantly less and in a much more sporadic manner. They also produced only very weak and transitory evidence of social learning. In contrast, the adult humans performed as one might expect of optimum imitators, even producing evidence of components of a "ratchet effect." 相似文献
12.
Motor skill acquisition was investigated in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) or cerebellar dysfunction using two sensory-guided tracking tasks. The subjects had to learn to track a visual target (a square) on a computer screen by moving a joystick under two different conditions. In the unreversed task, the horizontal target movements were semi-predictable and could be anticipated. In the reversed task, the horizontal movements of a pointer which had to be kept within the target square were mirror-reversed to the joystick movements. PD patients showed intact learning of the semi-predictable task and reduced learning of the mirror-reversed task; patients with cerebellar dysfunction showed the opposite pattern. These findings are discussed in relation to the differential contribution of the cerebellum and the striatum to motor skill acquisition: the cerebellum appears to participate in the implementation of anticipatory movements, whereas the striatum may be critically involved in types of motor learning which require a high degree of internal elaboration. 相似文献
13.
The Development and Testing of a New Version of the Cognitive Reflection Test Applying Item Response Theory (IRT) 下载免费PDF全文
Caterina Primi Kinga Morsanyi Francesca Chiesi Maria Anna Donati Jayne Hamilton 《决策行为杂志》2016,29(5):453-469
The cognitive reflection test (CRT) is a short measure of a person's ability to resist intuitive response tendencies and to produce a normatively correct response, which is based on effortful reasoning. Although the CRT is a very popular measure, its psychometric properties have not been extensively investigated. A major limitation of the CRT is the difficulty of the items, which can lead to floor effects in populations other than highly educated adults. The present study aimed at investigating the psychometric properties of the CRT applying item response theory analyses (a two‐parameter logistic model) and at developing a new version of the scale (the CRT‐long), which is appropriate for participants with both lower and higher levels of cognitive reflection. The results demonstrated the good psychometric properties of the original, as well as the new scale. The validity of the new scale was also assessed by measuring correlations with various indicators of intelligence, numeracy, reasoning and decision‐making skills, and thinking dispositions. Moreover, we present evidence for the suitability of the new scale to be used with developmental samples. Finally, by comparing the performance of adolescents and young adults on the CRT and CRT‐long, we report the first investigation into the development of cognitive reflection. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Neural substrates of the ‘low‐level’ system for speech articulation: Evidence from primary opercular syndrome 下载免费PDF全文
Maria Caterina Silveri Francesco Incordino Rita Lo Monaco Alessandra Bizzarro Carlo Masullo Francesca Piludu Cesare Colosimo 《Journal of Neuropsychology》2017,11(3):450-457
We describe a patient with progressive disorder of speech, without language impairment (opercular syndrome). Morphometric analysis confirmed asymmetric volume reduction of the precentral areas (>left). Diffusion imaging showed significant white matter changes in the left frontal lobe, with specific involvement of the left corticobulbar tract and connections between supplementary/pre‐supplementary motor areas and the frontal operculum (frontal aslant tract). We suggest that the organization of expressive language includes a ‘low level’ motor system principally distributed in the left hemisphere that shows specific susceptibility to neurodegeneration, distinct from neural systems subtending praxic, and cognitive aspects of language. 相似文献
15.
Kinga Morsanyi Francesca Chiesi Caterina Primi Dénes Szűcs 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2017,29(2):240-257
The conjunction fallacy is a violation of a very basic rule of probability. Interestingly, although committing the fallacy seems irrational, adults are no less susceptible to the fallacy than young children. In Experiment 1, by employing tasks where the conjunctive response option involved two non-representative items, we found a large reduction in fallacy rates as compared to traditional conjunction fallacy problems. Nevertheless, fallacy rates remained relatively high in both adolescents and adults, although adults showed more consistency in their normative responses. In Experiment 2, we demonstrated that children’s relatively good performance on the task was not the consequence of their missing knowledge of social stereotypes. Additionally, children were more strongly affected by explicitly presented frequency information than adults. Indeed, adults only took frequency information into account when frequencies were made relevant by a training in probabilistic reasoning. Overall, the results suggest that whereas the potential for normative reasoning increases with development, this potential is often overshadowed by a pervasive tendency in adolescence and adulthood to rely on contextual information, knowledge, and beliefs, even when conflicting information is available. By contrast, children are more strongly influenced by explicitly presented information than relevant knowledge cued by the tasks. 相似文献
16.
Ilaria Buonomo Caterina Fiorilli Maria Angela Geraci Alessandro Pepe 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2017,178(3):193-206
The authors compared the relations between general psychological difficulties and dimensions of temperament in children with and without learning disability (LD). The main aim was to analyze whether and to what extent children's temperament dimensions contribute to their general psychological difficulties when LD diagnosis, age, and gender are taken into account. Participants were 52 elementary school children 7–11 years old (M age = 8.61 years, SD = 1.21 years). Twenty-six of them had been diagnosed with LD. Six teachers rated their pupils with and without LD in relation to their general psychological difficulties (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and temperament dimensions (Italian Questionnaires of Temperament). In children with LD, the main dimensions of temperament with the power to predict general psychological difficulties (i.e., emotionality and social orientation) concern these students' relationships with others (teachers and peers). The findings of the current study draw educators' and practitioners' attention to the fact that children's temperamental characteristics may affect how they experience their LD, with significant implications for their later social adjustment. 相似文献
17.
We investigated the unimanual actions of a biological family group of twelve western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) using a methodological approach designed to assess behavior within social context from a bottom-up perspective. Measures
of both the lateralization of unimanual actions (left, right) and the target of the action (animate, inanimate) were assessed
during dual, synchronized video observations of naturalistic behavior. This paper demonstrates a corelationship between handedness
and the animate quality of the target object. Analyses demonstrated a significant interaction between lateralized unimanual
actions and target animacy and a right-hand bias for actions directed toward inanimate targets. We suggest that lateralized
motor preference reflects the different processing capabilities of the left and right hemispheres, as influenced by the emotive
(animate) and/or functional (inanimate) characteristics of the target, respectively. 相似文献
18.
We studied noun and verb naming in three main variants of frontotemporal dementia: the frontal variant(Fv-FTD), primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and semantic dementia (SD). We further distinguished PPA in nonfluent and fluent forms and restricted diagnosis of SD to subjects with progressive semantic breakdown leading to agnosia for words and objects. Fv-FTD and nonfluent-PPA named objects better than actions, SD showed an inverse dissociation and no specific pattern emerged in fluent-PPA. In this last group, in spite of the broad definition of fluent aphasia, quite heterogeneous patterns of language disorders and word class dissociation emerged when single-subject analyses were performed. In fv-FTD correlations between executive tasks and action naming were stronger than between executive tasks and object naming. We conclude that both linguistic and non linguistic factors, in particular an executive deficit, contribute to grammatical class dissociation. We also suggest that the fluent vs. nonfluent distinction does not reflect the complexity of primary aphasia. 相似文献
19.
S. E. Avons Riccardo Russo Caterina Cinel Veronica Verolini Kevin Glynn Rebecca McDonald Marie Cameron 《Memory & cognition》2009,37(1):100-114
Wentura and Frings (2005) reported evidence of subliminal categorical priming on a lexical decision task, using a new method
of visual masking in which the prime string consisted of the prime word flanked by random consonants and random letter masks
alternated with the prime string on successive refresh cycles. We investigated associative and repetition priming on lexical
decision, using the same method of visual masking. Three experiments failed to show any evidence of associative priming, (1)
when the prime string was fixed at 10 characters (three to six flanking letters) and (2) when the number of flanking letters
were reduced or absent. In all cases, prime detection was at chance level. Strong associative priming was observed with visible
unmasked primes, but the addition of flanking letters restricted priming even though prime detection was still high. With
repetition priming, no priming effects were found with the repeated masked technique, and prime detection was poor but just
above chance levels. We conclude that with repeated masked primes, there is effective visual masking but that associative
priming and repetition priming do not occur with experiment-unique prime-target pairs. Explanations for this apparent discrepancy
across priming paradigms are discussed. The priming stimuli and prime-target pairs used in this study may be downloaded as
supplemental materials from mc.psychonomicjournals. org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
20.
Maria Caterina Silveri Laura Giustolisi Antonio Daniele Guido Gainotti 《Brain and language》1992,43(4):597-612
We described a patient with a dramatic deficit of both word comprehension and naming but with good preservation of visual pictorial semantics. On word-picture matching, his performances were slightly better than expected based on the observed lexical semantic disorder; in addition, the patient, who maintained good preservation of his underlying phonology, showed a tendency to point to the picture phonologically related to the target. In order to interpret these data, we advanced the hypothesis that the patient, in spite of his virtually complete inability to name, would be able, in a word-picture matching task, to "covertly" (i.e., preverbally) retrieve the name from the picture and to use this name to attempt a match with the phonological form of the stimulus word. This mechanism, that we called "phonological" comprehension, would allow the identification of the correct target and would explain the choice of the phonologically related foil that was sometimes selected. 相似文献