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131.
ABSTRACT— There are signs that the debate over racial and gender differences in intelligence is about to begin again. In this article we will be concerned primarily with racial differences but will make remarks about gender differences where applicable. Previously there have been bitter arguments over whether or not races exist, over whether it is either important or proper to study racial and gender differences in intelligence, and over the conclusions that have been drawn about environmental and genetic causes as determinants of these differences. We argue that races do, indeed, exist and that studying differences in cognitive competence between groups is a reasonable thing to do. We also point out that past research on both racial and gender differences in intelligence has been marked by methodological errors and overgeneralizations by researchers on all sides of the issue. We propose ten principles of design, analysis, and reporting that ought to be considered carefully when doing or evaluating research in this area. 相似文献
132.
Mark S. Rye Dawn M. Loiacono Chad D. Folck Brandon T. Olszewski Todd A. Heim Benjamin P. Madia 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2001,20(3):260-277
This study examined the psychometric properties of two forgiveness scales using participants enrolled at a Midwestern Catholic
university (N = 328). The Forgiveness Scale is a 15—item Likert-type scale designed to measure forgiveness toward an of-fender. The Forgiveness
Likelihood Scale is a 10—item Likert-type scale designed to measure tendency to forgive across situations. Factor analyses
revealed that the For-giveness Scale contains two subscales (i.e., Absence of Negative, Presence of Posi-tive) and the Forgiveness
Likelihood Scale consists of a single factor. Both scales have adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
Both subscales of the Forgiveness Scale were significantly correlated in the expected direction with mea-sures of forgiveness,
religiousness, anger, hope, religious well-being, existential well-being, and social desirability. The Forgiveness Likelihood
Scale was significantly correlated in the expected direction with measures of forgiveness, religiousness, trait anger, religious
well-being, and social desirability.
The authors thank Sarah Danko, Anne Hovancsek, Carla Kmett, Jennifer Martin, and Colleen Ryan for their assistance. We kindly
request that researchers who use the forgiveness scales evaluated in this study provide us with a summary of their psychometric
data for the scales. The idea for creating the Forgiveness Likelihood Scale was based upon the Willingness to Forgive Scale
(Hebl & Enright, 1993). 相似文献
133.
International Journal for Philosophy of Religion - 相似文献
134.
The ability of adult learners to exploit the joint and conditional probabilities in a serial reaction time task containing both deterministic and probabilistic information was investigated. Learners used the statistical information embedded in a continuous input stream to improve their performance for certain transitions by simultaneously exploiting differences in the predictability of 2 or more underlying statistics. Analysis of individual learners revealed that although most acquired the underlying statistical structure veridically, others used an alternate strategy that was partially predictive of the sequences. The findings show that learners possess a robust learning device well suited to exploiting the relative predictability of more than I source of statistical information at the same time. This work expands on previous studies of statistical learning, as well as studies of artificial grammar learning and implicit sequence learning. 相似文献
135.
John E. Seaman Brandon F. Greene Maria Watson-Perczel 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1986,19(2):125-135
Many deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest can be prevented by the prompt and effective administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In this study, we examined the standard training program for teaching CPR to emergency medical technicians (EMTs). We developed an alternative experimental program whereby the behaviors involved in CPR were assessed easily and in greater detail. This assessment provided the basis for a system in which effective CPR skills were reinforced and problems were corrected. Subjects who were trained in CPR according to this experimental program performed more effectively than subjects in the standard program. In addition, retention (maintenance) measures indicated that experimental subjects continued to perform well, often more effectively than professionally employed EMTs. 相似文献
136.
Affective valence and memory in depression: dissociation of recall and fragment completion. 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Depressed (n = 16) and nondepressed (n = 16) subjects' memory for affectively valenced words was assessed by an explicit test (free recall) and an implicit test (word fragment completion). Under free-recall instructions, depressed subjects recalled significantly more negatively valenced than positively valenced words, whereas the opposite pattern was observed in nondepressed control subjects. These results replicate those previously reported in the literature. The differential effect of word valence was absent, however, when memory was tested implicitly: Depressed and nondepressed subjects exhibited equivalent priming of positive and negative words. These data are discussed in terms of Williams, Watts, MacLeod, and Mathews's (1988) model of depression. 相似文献
137.
Jennifer C. Hunt 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》1996,3(3):253-271
Dive medicine is described as an area of practice in which psychologists may choose to expand their clinical service and research activities. The author argues that most research studying risk behavior and sports take into account biological, behavioral or cognitive approaches, while ignoring unconscious conflict in risk-taking and injury management. The present paper uses a psychodynamically-oriented, interview-based approach to studying psychological reactions to decompression sickness in three experienced scuba divers. Brief interventions and their outcomes are described. 相似文献
138.
Earl Hunt 《The Japanese psychological research》1997,39(1):1-11
Psychometric studies have shown that “general intelligence” should be broken down into the ability to apply learned solutions to new problems (crystallized intelligence) and the ability to deal with novel intellectual problems (fluid intelligence). This distinction has been amplified upon by studies of individual differences in information processing. Crystallized intelligence depends on the problem-solving schema that people have acquired and upon their efficiency in accessing information in long-term memory. Fluid intelligence is associated with the ability to access and manage relatively large amounts of information in working memory. Measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence are important predictors of objectively measured workplace performance. Studies of actual and simulated workplaces have shown that this is largely due to differences in people's ability to manage information and the speed with which the details of a job can be grasped. 相似文献
139.
G. M. K. Hunt 《国际科学哲学研究》1990,4(3):241-246
It is argued that the problem of the necessity and projectability of laws may be solved by distinguishing between the fact of necessity and explanations of its nature. This reduces the problem of necessity to that of induction, which in consequences must be solved without reference to necessity using ‘self‐supporting’ arguments. The consequences for the analysis of ‘counterfactual conditionals and the problem of language dependence is discussed. 相似文献
140.
Earl Hunt 《Psychological science》1990,1(6):346-349