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141.
An unobtrusive observation system was developed to determine the extent to which dental professionals in two communities provided lead shielding to patients during X-ray exams. A lengthy baseline revealed low and irregular provision of shielding among half of these professionals. Subsequently, a program was undertaken by a consumer's group in which these professionals were requested to provide shielding and were given confidential feedback regarding its use during the baseline period. The provision of shielding dramatically increased at all offices and was maintained throughout a follow-up period extending to more than 9 months after the program's implementation. Little or no generalized effect was observed in the occurrence of three collateral behaviors that were also assessed throughout the study.  相似文献   
142.
Thousands of children are injured or killed each year in school bus accidents. A significant number of these tragic incidents is precipitated by disruptive child behavior that distracts the drivers from their difficult task. Two experiments were conducted which addressed this problem. For both experiments an automated sound recording device (referred to as a Noise Guard) selectively responsive to frequencies above 500 Hz (i.e., unresponsive to bus drone) recorded both the duration and frequency of noise outbursts above a tolerable threshold. Additionally, an observer made in situ measurements of other disruptions including roughhousing and getting-out-of-seat. In the first experiment, following baseline measurements of these behaviors, middle-school students received feedback for noise outbursts. That is, when “Noise Guard'” was activated, it in turn operated one of several lights on a panel visible to all passengers. Each day students were allowed to listen to high-appeal taped music while riding the bus and to participate in a raffle for prizes, provided the number of outbursts on the preceding day remained below a specified criterion indicated on the light panel. This intervention resulted in drastic reductions of noise outbursts with a concomitant reduction in other disruptive behaviors. Comparable results were obtained in the second experiment which eliminated the raffle from the intervention.  相似文献   
143.
Previous studies have demonstrated that older adults can use visually distinctive cues to enhance their spatial memory performance and their recall of the identities of items located in space. Other research has shown that older adults can also use relational information to enhance recall. The relationship between relational and visuospatial support for memory across the adult lifespan is complex and has been little explored. In the present study, this relationship was examined in tasks that measured free recall for item sets possessing different degrees of visuospatial and relational support for recall. It was predicted that both types of support would enhance older adult recall relative to that of the young, and that the two types of support would synergize. The results were generally consistent with these predictions. These findings show that older adults can use relatively simple relational or visuospatial support systems to enhance free recall significantly. This research was supported by Grant AGI 1605, National Institute on Aging.  相似文献   
144.
Aerobic forms of exercise have been suggested as one approach to reducing the costly effects of excessive or chronic stress, yet the results of some studies related to this assumption have been mixed. The purpose of this study was to estimate the correlation between emotional states and fitness level among 8 women and 9 men who were recreational cyclists. Fitness was determined by cycle ergometric testing (VO2 max). Psychometric measures included the short version of the Beck Depression Inventory, the internal portion of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Self-control Questionnaire. Significant correlations were observed between fitness and the depression scores, internal locus of control, and self-control measures. These results tend to support previous findings regarding the possible link between physical fitness and improved emotionality.  相似文献   
145.
Three experiments showed the modulation of a rabbit eyeblink conditioned response (CR) to a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS) by 30-s stimuli (A & B) that had been differentially paired with paraorbital shock. The CS (Y) was a 1,050-ms cue that had been paired with paraorbital shock outside A or B. In testing, the amplitude of CRs was greater when Y was presented within A than within B. Differential modulation occurred whether shock in A had been preceded by another 1,050-ms cue, X(AX+,BX-;Experiment 1) or not (A+B-;Experiment 2). Experiment 3 compared the technique of Experiment 1 (AX+) with that of Experiment 2 (A+) and found the latter to be advantageous for facilitation of CRs to Y by A. These data are consistent with the predictions of a model of Pavlovian conditioning (AESOP, Wagner & Brandon, 1989) that distinguishes between emotive and sensory conditioning as did Konorski (1967).  相似文献   
146.
High general anger: correlates and treatment   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
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147.
Although decades of research have documented that children whose parents have a history of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are at a higher risk of developing depression themselves, not all of these children go on to develop depression themselves, thus highlighting the need to understand potential moderators of risk. The current study examined whether child emotion regulation, specifically, the use of cognitive reappraisal and suppression, moderated the link between parent and child depression. We recruited 458 parents and their children between the ages of 7–11 from the community. The majority of children were Caucasian (74.2%) and approximately half were girls (46.1%). Among children with a parent history of MDD, those who reported using cognitive reappraisal more frequently were less likely to have a history of depressive diagnoses themselves and had higher current levels of positive affect. Although children’s use of suppression was not associated with their levels of depressive symptoms among children with a parent history of MDD, higher levels of suppression were related to higher levels of depressive symptoms among children with no parent history of MDD. These findings suggest that, among children with a history of parent depression, children’s use of cognitive reappraisal may influence their own risk for developing depression and highlights the potential utility of early interventions that focus on improving the use of emotion regulation strategies like cognitive reappraisal among children of depressed parents.  相似文献   
148.
Recent advancements in Bayesian modeling have allowed for likelihood-free posterior estimation. Such estimation techniques are crucial to the understanding of simulation-based models, whose likelihood functions may be difficult or even impossible to derive. However, current approaches are limited by their dependence on sufficient statistics and/or tolerance thresholds. In this article, we provide a new approach that requires no summary statistics, error terms, or thresholds and is generalizable to all models in psychology that can be simulated. We use our algorithm to fit a variety of cognitive models with known likelihood functions to ensure the accuracy of our approach. We then apply our method to two real-world examples to illustrate the types of complex problems our method solves. In the first example, we fit an error-correcting criterion model of signal detection, whose criterion dynamically adjusts after every trial. We then fit two models of choice response time to experimental data: the linear ballistic accumulator model, which has a known likelihood, and the leaky competing accumulator model, whose likelihood is intractable. The estimated posterior distributions of the two models allow for direct parameter interpretation and model comparison by means of conventional Bayesian statistics—a feat that was not previously possible.  相似文献   
149.
150.
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been demonstrated in a number of randomized controlled trials to be efficacious as an adjunctive treatment for psychotic disorders. Emerging evidence suggests the usefulness of CBT interventions that incorporate acceptance/mindfulness-based approaches for this population. The current study extended previous research by Bach and Hayes (2002. The use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to prevent the rehospitalization of psychotic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1129-1139) using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in the treatment of psychosis. Psychiatric inpatients with psychotic symptoms were randomly assigned to enhanced treatment as usual (ETAU) or ETAU plus individual sessions of ACT. At discharge from the hospital, results suggested short-term advantages in the ACT group in affective symptoms, overall improvement, social impairment, and distress associated with hallucinations. In addition, more participants in the ACT condition reached clinically significant symptom improvement at discharge. Although 4-month rehospitalization rates were lower in the ACT group, these differences did not reach statistical significance. Decreases in the believability of hallucinations during treatment were observed only in the ACT condition, and change in believability was strongly associated with change in distress after controlling for change in the frequency of hallucinations. Results are interpreted as largely consistent with the findings of Bach and Hayes and warrant further investigations with larger samples.  相似文献   
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