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141.
Historically, accounts of object representation and perceived similarity have focused on intrinsic features. Although more recent accounts have explored how objects, scenes, and situations containing common relational structures come to be perceived as similar, less is known about how the perceived similarity of parts or objects embedded within these relational systems is affected. The current studies test the hypothesis that objects situated in common relational systems come to be perceived as more similar. Similarity increases most for objects playing the same role within a relation (e.g., predator), but also increases for objects playing different roles within the same relation (e.g., the predator or prey role in the hunts relation) regardless of whether the objects participate in the same instance of the relation. This pattern of results can be captured by extending existing models that extract meaning from text corpora so that they are sensitive to the verb-specific thematic roles that objects fill. Alternative explanations based on analogical and inferential processes are also considered, as well as the implications of the current findings to research in language processing, decision making, and category learning. 相似文献
142.
A multilevel model of leadership, empowerment, and performance was tested using a sample of 62 teams, 445 individual members, 62 team leaders, and 31 external managers from 31 stores of a Fortune 500 company. Leader-member exchange and leadership climate related differently to individual and team empowerment and interacted to influence individual empowerment. Also, several relationships were supported in more but not in less interdependent teams. Specifically, leader-member exchange related to individual performance partially through individual empowerment; leadership climate related to team performance partially through team empowerment; team empowerment moderated the relationship between individual empowerment and performance; and individual performance was positively related to team performance. Contributions to team leadership theory, research, and practices are discussed. 相似文献
143.
Nicola A. Conners Shanti P. Tripathi Richard Clubb Robert H. Bradley 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(3):415-425
Few studies have examined maternal characteristics associated with heavy or inappropriate television viewing on the part of
their children. We investigated the relationship between children’s television viewing habits and maternal depressive symptoms
and parenting beliefs. The participants were 175 low income children (mean age = 62.1 months) and their mothers who participated
in a larger national study of Early Head Start eligible children. Our sample included families from two predominantly rural
sites. Mothers completed a survey about the amount of time their children spend watching television during the week and on
the weekend, and the types of programs they watch, as well as questionnaires related to maternal depression and parenting
attitudes. According to mothers’ report, most of the young children in our sample exceeded the total viewing time recommended
by the American Academy of Pediatrics (maximum 2 h per day), and the majority watched at least some programming designed for
adult audiences. Maternal depressive symptoms and beliefs about parenting were associated with heavier viewing on the part
of the child, as well as with viewing of age-inappropriate content. 相似文献
144.
Bradley S. Gibson Matthias Scheutz Gregory J. Davis 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(2):363-374
Humans routinely use spatial language to control the spatial distribution of attention. In so doing, spatial information may be communicated from one individual to another across opposing frames of reference, which in turn can lead to inconsistent mappings between symbols and directions (or locations). These inconsistencies may have important implications for the symbolic control of attention because they can be translated into differences in cue validity, a manipulation that is known to influence the focus of attention. This differential validity hypothesis was tested in Experiment 1 by comparing spatial word cues that were predicted to have high learned spatial validity (“above/below”) and low learned spatial validity (“left/right”). Consistent with this prediction, when two measures of selective attention were used, the results indicated that attention was less focused in response to “left/right” cues than in response to “above/below” cues, even when the actual validity of each of the cues was equal. In addition, Experiment 2 predicted that spatial words such as “left/right” would have lower spatial validity than would other directional symbols that specify direction along the horizontal axis, such as “←/→” cues. The results were also consistent with this hypothesis. Altogether, the present findings demonstrate important semantic-based constraints on the spatial distribution of attention. 相似文献
145.
In engineering systems, noise is a curse, obscuring important signals and increasing the uncertainty associated with measurement. However, the negative effects of noise are not universal. In this paper, we examine how people learn sequential control strategies given different sources and amounts of feedback variability. In particular, we consider people’s behavior in a task where short- and long-term rewards are placed in conflict (i.e., the best option in the short-term is worst in the long-term). Consistent with a model based on reinforcement learning principles [Gureckis, T., & Love, B.C. Short term gains, long term pains: How cues about state aid learning in dynamic environments. Cognition (in press)], we find that learners differentially weight information predictive of the current task state. In particular, when cues that signal state are noisy, we find that participants’ ability to identify an optimal strategy is strongly impaired relative to equivalent amounts of noise that obscure the rewards/valuations of those states. In other situations, we find that noise and noise in reward signals may paradoxically improve performance by encouraging exploration. Our results demonstrate how experimentally-manipulated task variability can be used to test predictions about the mechanisms that learners engage in dynamic decision making tasks. 相似文献
146.
Category learning theorists tacitly assume that stimuli are encoded by a single pathway. Motivated by theories of object recognition,
we evaluated a dual-pathway account of stimulus encoding. The part-based pathway establishes mappings between sensory input
and symbols that encode discrete stimulus features, whereas the image-based pathway applies holistic templates to sensory
input. Our experiments used rule-plus-exception structures, in which one exception item in each category violates a salient
regularity and must be distinguished from other items. In Experiment 1, we found discrete representations to be crucial for
recognition of exceptions following brief training. Experiments 2 and 3 involved multisession training regimens designed to
encourage either part- or image-based encoding. We found that both pathways are able to support exception encoding, but have
unique characteristics. We speculate that one advantage of the part-based pathway is the ability to generalize across domains,
whereas the image-based pathway provides faster and more effortless recognition. 相似文献
147.
It has sometimes been suggested that backwards time travel always incurs causal loops. I show that this is mistaken, by describing worlds where backwards time travel occurs and yet no causal loops occur. Arguments that backwards time travel can occur without causal loops have been given before in the literature, but I show that those arguments are unconvincing. 相似文献
148.
Successful investors seeking returns, animals foraging for food, and pilots controlling aircraft all must take into account how their current decisions will impact their future standing. One challenge facing decision makers is that options that appear attractive in the short-term may not turn out best in the long run. In this paper, we explore human learning in a dynamic decision making task which places short- and long-term rewards in conflict. Our goal in these studies was to evaluate how people’s mental representation of a task affects their ability to discover an optimal decision strategy. We find that perceptual cues that readily align with the underlying state of the task environment help people overcome the impulsive appeal of short-term rewards. Our experimental manipulations, predictions, and analyses are motivated by current work in reinforcement learning which details how learners value delayed outcomes in sequential tasks and the importance that “state” identification plays in effective learning. 相似文献
149.
150.
Siu-kuen Azor Hui Rex A. Wright Christopher C. Stewart Angel Simmons Bradley Eaton R. Nicholas Nolte 《Motivation and emotion》2009,33(4):419-434
Female undergraduates were assigned to one of three groups, two involving regulatory training and one not. Training participants
performed for 2 weeks tasks that required strong behavioral restraint (Strong Training) or weak behavioral restraint (Weak
Training). Later, they took part in (1) a laboratory session in which they performed tasks with inhibitory components, and
(2) a follow-up week in which they provided health behavior reports and used designated dental supplies. No Training participants
took part only in the session and follow-up week. As expected, laboratory performance was improved for Strong- relative to
No Training participants, with performance for Weak Training participants falling in between. Also as expected, Strong Training
participants used more floss in the follow-up week than did the No Training participants, with floss for Weak Training participants
falling between. Contrary to expectation, Strong Training participants used less toothpaste and reported having brushed less
than the No Training participants. In addition, Strong Training participants evinced exaggerated—rather than diminished—cardiovascular
responses during the laboratory tasks. The performance and floss use data support the suggestion that inhibitory system strength
can be increased through use. The brushing and cardiovascular findings may be interpretable in inhibitory strength terms. 相似文献