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351.
Extended Cognition is a theory from philosophy of mind that has its roots in the more general notion of Embodied Cognition. Embodied cognition understands all human thought as involving the body (not just the brain), and as always situated in particular contexts. Cognitive extension goes further to suggest that intelligent mental processes often include things outside the brain and body, involving interactions with other persons or external artifacts that significantly enhance cognitive capacities. Thus, while intelligence was once thought to be an attribute of a single individual’s brain, it is now understood to extend into processes outside the person within immediate interactive space. For example, smart phones or problem-solving groups expand cognitive capacities beyond what is possible on one’s own. This article explores the possibility of supersizing-through-extension spirituality and Christian life within the interactive space of congregations and religious communities. 相似文献
352.
In a recent article in The Journal of General Psychology, J. B. Hittner, K. May, and N. C. Silver (2003) described their investigation of several methods for comparing dependent correlations and found that all can be unsatisfactory, in terms of Type I errors, even with a sample size of 300. More precisely, when researchers test at the .05 level, the actual Type I error probability can exceed .10. The authors of this article extended J. B. Hittner et al.'s research by considering a variety of alternative methods. They found 3 that avoid inflating the Type I error rate above the nominal level. However, a Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated that when the underlying distribution of scores violated the assumption of normality, 2 of these methods had relatively low power and had actual Type I error rates well below the nominal level. The authors report comparisons with E. J. Williams' (1959) method. 相似文献
353.
Pedersen WC Bushman BJ Vasquez EA Miller N 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2008,34(10):1382-1395
Sometimes aggression is displaced onto a target who is not totally innocent but emits a mildly irritating behavior called a triggering event. In three experiments, the authors examine stable personal attributes of targets that can impact such triggered displaced aggression (TDA). Lower levels of TDA were directed to targets whose attitudes were similar as compared to dissimilar to those of the actor (Experiment 1) and to targets who were ingroup as compared to out-group members (Experiment 2). Conceptually replicating the findings of Experiments 1 and 2, the manipulated valence of the target (viz., liked, neutral, and disliked) functioned in a similar manner, with positive valence serving a buffering function against a triggering action that followed an initial provocation (Experiment 3). The results from all three experiments are consistent with cognitive neoassociationist theory. 相似文献
354.
Brad Olson Stephen Soldz Martha Davis 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2008,3(1):3
The Psychological Ethics and National Security (PENS) task force was assembled by the American Psychological Association (APA)
to guide policy on the role of psychologists in interrogations at foreign detention centers for the purpose of U.S. national
security. The task force met briefly in 2005, and its report was quickly accepted by the APA Board of Directors and deemed
consistent with the APA Ethics Code by the APA Ethics Committee. This rapid acceptance was unusual for a number of reasons
but primarily because of the APA's long-standing tradition of taking great care in developing ethical policies that protected
anyone who might be impacted by the work of psychologists. Many psychological and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as
well as reputable journalists, believed the risk of harm associated with psychologist participation in interrogations at these
detention centers was not adequately addressed by the report. The present critique analyzes the assumptions of the PENS report
and its interpretations of the APA Ethics Code. We demonstrate that it presents only one (and not particularly representative)
side of a complex set of ethical issues. We conclude with a discussion of more appropriate psychological contributions to
national security and world peace that better respect and preserve human rights. 相似文献
355.
Gregory J. Benner Kathleen Beaudoin Paul Mooney Brad M. Uhing Corey D. Pierce 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(3):427-436
In the present study, we sought to extend instrument validation research for a strength-based emotional and behavior rating
scale, the Teacher Rating Scale of the Behavior and Emotional Rating Scale-Second Edition (BERS-2; Epstein, M. H. (2004). Behavioral and emotional rating scale (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: PRO-ED) through the use of convergent validation techniques. The associations between the strength-based
domains of the BERS-2 were examined in relation to problem syndrome subscales of the Teacher’s Report Form (TRF; Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the teacher’s report form and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry). Both measures were conducted with 58 students with emotional
disturbance in grades 2 through 12. The overall convergent validity of the BERS-2 and the TRF was strong, particularly for
TRF externalizing problems and associated syndromes. However, less evidence emerged for the convergence of domain subscales
characterized by behaviors of an internalizing nature. These results provide further support for the use of the BERS-2 in
the assessment of the social and behavioral functioning of students with emotional disturbance. 相似文献
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359.
Distinguishing Hypotheses From Hyperbole in Studies of Media Violence: A Comment on Markey et al. (2015) 下载免费PDF全文
In alleging that Bushman et al. (2013) made sensational and unsubstantiated claims, Markey et al. (2015) mistake hypotheses for hyperbole. Moreover, in their effort to show that gun violence in PG‐13 movies (for ages 13 and older) is unrelated to trends in population violence, they make unjustified demands on our data, with outcomes that are unconnected to hypothesized effects. Using outcomes in line with our hypotheses, we draw the contrary conclusion that recent trends in gun violence in youth are actually consistent with gun violence trends in PG‐13 movies. Nevertheless, because we do not believe those patterns are sufficient to draw causal conclusions, we suggest more adequate tests of the hypothesis that exposure to movie gun violence affects the beliefs and attitudes of youth toward guns. 相似文献
360.