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211.
Although anecdotal case accounts suggest that evidence concerning Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), sociopathy and psychopathy is frequently introduced by the prosecution in capital murder trials, to date there has been no systematic research to determine the actual prevalence, role, or perceived impact of such evidence in these cases. Survey data collected from attendees at a national capital mitigation conference (n=41) indicated that prosecution evidence concerning APD was quite prevalent, with "sociopath" and "psychopath" labels being introduced less frequently. Evidence concerning these disorders, which were assessed primarily via DSM criteria and self-report personality inventories, was most often introduced by the prosecution in the sentencing phase to address a defendant's ostensible risk of future dangerousness and/or to rebut mitigating evidence-although it was also introduced frequently in the guilt/innocence phase of these trials to rebut mental health evidence offered by the defense. Survey respondents believed that evidence concerning APD, sociopathy, and psychopathy had a considerable impact on trial outcomes. Also, although defense objections were common, such evidence was rarely ruled to be inadmissible in these cases. 相似文献
212.
Marjan Ghahramanlou-Holloway Daniel W. Cox Farrah N. Greene 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2012,19(2):233-244
To date, no empirically based inpatient intervention for individuals who have attempted suicide exists. We present an overview of a novel psychotherapeutic approach, Post-Admission Cognitive Therapy (PACT), currently under development and empirical testing for inpatients who have been admitted for a recent suicide attempt. PACT is adapted from an efficacious and brief outpatient cognitive therapy protocol (Brown, Henriques, Ratto, & Beck, 2002; Brown et al., 2005) for inpatient delivery to individuals with recent suicide attempts. Within a cognitive framework, attempting suicide is conceptualized as a maladaptive coping strategy that deserves immediate targeted clinical attention regardless of the patient's diagnosis. The primary aims of PACT are to reduce the likelihood of suicide attempt recurrence as well as decrease the severity of established psychological risk factors for suicide. The three phases of PACT involve (1) building a therapeutic alliance and developing a cognitive conceptualization based on the recent suicide attempt; (2) instilling hope, practicing effective coping strategies, and addressing problem-solving deficits; and (3) preventing relapse, constructing a safety plan, and promoting timely linkage with outpatient aftercare services. The efficacy of PACT as a targeted inpatient treatment package remains to be established. The cognitive behavioral components of PACT, as described here, are based on evidence-informed practices aimed at improving the quality of care provided to inpatients following a suicide attempt. 相似文献
213.
The police are empowered to use various forms of coercion to accomplish legitimate duties, but they also may employ them gratuitously in violation of law or departmental policy. These extra-legal behaviors range in severity from verbal abuse, such as racial slurs and profanity, to unjustified physical force resulting in severe injury or death. Racial and ethnic minorities, especially those residing in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods, may be disproportionately targeted for such practices. Scholars have offered several explanations for the differential employment of extra-legal police aggression, but an integrated theory of minority disadvantage has yet to be developed. In this article, we synthesize the existing literature into a model of extra-legal police aggression that considers intergroup dynamics of race and place. We argue that ordinary social-psychological processes triggered by the characteristics of neighborhoods explain extra-legal police aggression against minority citizens. 相似文献
214.
Keith Cox 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2012,13(1):103-128
Little in-depth research exists on subjective well-being (SWB) in the developing world, especially among the poor and extremely
poor. Biswas-Diener and Diener (Soc Indic Res 55:329–352, 2001) employed a study design in the slums of Calcutta, India to address this gap in SWB research. They found slightly negative
global SWB but slightly positive domain specific satisfaction in their sample. The current study employs the same paradigm
and investigates the SWB of female sex workers, city dump dwellers, and urban and rural poor in Nicaragua, Central America.
The current study was able to replicate the Biswas-Diener and Diener (Soc Indic Res 55:329–352, 2001) finding of slightly negative SWB for marginalized urban groups. In addition, an overall model for predicting SWB was constructed
using personality dispositions, objective income, social support, and social rootedness as predictors. Social support and
objective income were the only significant predictors in the model but more zero order relations existed. Additionally, this
study contrasted urban poor versus rural poor and found no significant SWB differences. 相似文献
215.
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to explore the relative contributions of perceived parent and physical education teacher autonomy support, involvement, and modeling to adolescent leisure-time physical activity motivation and behavior within the framework of self-determination theory.Design
Cross-sectional survey.Method
161 Middle school students completed a paper survey which assessed the study variables.Results
Three sets of models were tested that examined the relationships of autonomy support, involvement, and modeling from mothers, fathers, and physical education teachers to adolescent leisure-time physical activity self-determined motivation and behavior. In the models, each social support variable had a significant, positive, direct relationship to motivation, and a significant, positive, indirect relationship to physical activity behavior mediated by motivation. Further, the relationships between social support from each significant other and motivation were of similar magnitude.Conclusions
Mothers and fathers both play modest, yet significant roles in their adolescent’s leisure-time physical activity motivation. Additionally, physical education teachers, although not present in the leisure-time physical activity context, serve an equally important role in supporting adolescents’ leisure-time physical activity. Lastly, adolescent self-determined motivation for leisure-time physical activity is a strong determinant of self-reported leisure-time physical activity behavior. 相似文献216.
217.
218.
The equilibrium configuration of soap films in a tetrahedral frame is well known, and a study is reported here of the displacement of the tetrahedral vertex formed at the junction of the Plateau borders between the films. Applying a force to this junction causes an increase in soap film area, and hence surface energy, which is modelled both theoretically and numerically. In the present work, this force is conceived as being due to the displacement of a small particle at the centre of the vertex and the energy dependence of the configuration on both the size of the particle and the magnitude of the displacement is calculated. The results underline the importance of the curvature of the films in any detailed analysis of the suspension of particles in a foam, as, for example, in the industrial process of foam flotation. The results are relevant also to problems of foam drainage and stability. 相似文献
219.
Association between maternal sensitivity and externalizing behavior from preschool to preadolescence
Feihong Wang Sharon L. Christ W. Roger Mills-Koonce Patricia Garrett-Peters Martha J. Cox 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2013
Using data from the longitudinal NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1364), this study examined the association between mothers' sensitivity and children's externalizing behavior from preschool to preadolescence. Externalizing behavior declined on average across this period with a slowing of this decline around middle childhood. Maternal sensitivity remained relatively stable on average, and there was significant variation across mothers. A decrease in maternal sensitivity from ages 3 to 11 was related to an increase in externalizing behavior from ages 4 to 12. A model-based test of the direction of the effect suggested that the association between changes in maternal sensitivity and externalizing behavior from ages 4 to 11 was driven by child effects on mothers and not vice-versa. Between late preschool age and preadolescence, the behavior problems of children appear to strongly influence the sensitive support of mothers. Practical implications were discussed in light of these findings. 相似文献
220.
The War on Terror has exposed deep problems within contemporary political practice. It has demonstrated the moral fragility of liberal democracy. Much critical literature on the topic is devoted to uncovering the sources of this fragility. In this paper, we accept the general thrust of much of this literature, but turn our attention to the practical upshot of the criticism. A common feature of the literature is that, when it comes to offering remedies of the problems it identifies, what is offered is ‘diagnosis without treatment’. The negation of a problem is regarded as a solution. For example, if the problem is that the USA is not acting as a good international citizen, the solution is that it begins to act as such. This is like a doctor diagnosing gout and recommending to the patient that they reduce the level of uric acid in their big toe. We argue that diagnosis without treatment is endemic in literature on the War on Terror and the ills of liberal democracy. We divide this literature into five categories and examine representative works in each. At the end of the paper, we describe what is required to avoid offering yet more diagnosis without treatment. 相似文献