The present study examined whether the dual-element effect occurs when temporal and visual stimuli appear simultaneously in a zero-delayed, symbolic matching-to-sample task. Two groups of pigeons were first exposed to either a red or green sample stimulus, for either 30 s or 5 s. The sample was followed by the presentation of yellow and blue comparisons. For pigeons in one group, the duration of the sample was the relevant cue. Responses to the yellow comparison were reinforced if the sample was 30 s, and responses to the blue comparison were reinforced if the sample was 5 s. For the other group, sample duration was irrelevant. Responses to the yellow comparison were reinforced if the sample had been green and responses to the blue comparison were reinforced if the sample had been red. Both groups then learned a second matching task in which the sample and comparison stimuli were vertical and horizontal lines. Finally, matching performance was examined when the lines appeared together with the temporal or color elements. The results showed that the line matching task was acquired more slowly for pigeons that were first trained to attend to duration. More importantly, matching was reduced when the temporal and line elements appeared simultaneously, and the effects were similar to those obtained when visual elements are combined.
Health status has in effect become an external criterion for various personality traits. It seems unlikely, however, that a unidimensional approach to personality actually will be productive, even when something as concrete as physical health serves as a criterion variable. Instead, the benefits of a more multidimensional, contextualized approach to the prediction of health status are emphasized. Additional comments concern the distinction between cooccurence and correlation of two variables, some ambiguities regarding the appropriate criterion variables for health psychology, and some logistical issues in the domain of personality and health psychology. 相似文献
The decision-making performance of 20 married and 20 synthetic couples, all college students, was compared using the Ferreira-Winter Questionnaire technique. Married couples showed (a) greater spontaneous agreement with each other prior to conjoint discussion, (b) less politeness, (c) more intrusive interruptions, and (d) a lesser exchange of explicit information between husband and wife. Although married couples arrived at more "democratic" or representative decisions in a faster time, this was due to their greater degree of prior shared values and interests. The effects of the history and context of the relationship between subjects upon their pattern of communication and possible contrasts between normal and abnormal couples are discussed. 相似文献
Left-right difference scores were analyzed for groups left- and right-handed subjects administered the same dichotic listening and visual half-tests on four separate days. The left-handed subjects showed greater test to test variability than the right handers for both modalities. 相似文献
Team performance and coordination have gained considerable interest in disparate fields (e.g., aviation, process control, medicine, and wartime operations). Team-Track, a C program that allows controlled experimental manipulation of team conditions, was developed to meet the research needs resulting from this interest. Using Team-Track, one can manipulate task interdependence, team staffing, relative contributions of team members, communications, and informational displays in a low-cost environment. The dependent measure of performance generated by the program is the absolute tracking error along each dimension. The program is ideal for investigating team interactions as it allows for orthogonal manipulation of team variables, therefore accommodating a multitude of research paradigms. 相似文献
The interresponse-time structures of pigeon key pecking were examined under variable-ratio, variable-interval, and variable-interval plus linear feedback schedules. Whereas the variable-ratio and variable-interval plus linear feedback schedules generally resulted in a distinct group of short interresponse times and a broad distribution of longer interresponse times, the variable-interval schedules generally showed a much more continuous distribution of interresponse times. The results were taken to indicate that a log survivor analysis or double exponential fit of interresponse times may not be universally applicable to the task of demonstrating that operant behavior can be dichotomized into bouts of engagement and periods of disengagement. 相似文献
We examined behavioral markers of caregiver involvement and the ways in which family participation was related to treatment
outcomes in 47 elementary school children with SED enrolled in a school-based intensive mental health program. Measures of
caregiver involvement included therapeutic home visits, attendance at therapeutic meetings, completion of ratings on the daily
point sheet, and extra communications with the therapeutic team on the point sheet. Greater initial impairment was associated
with greater caregiver involvement. Greater caregiver involvement was linked to improvement in child thought processes, increased
ability to provide emotional and social supports for the child, and greater overall child functioning at discharge. Our findings
also reflected increased therapists’ attempts to provide additional in-home services in cases where caregivers demonstrated
a decline in their ability to provide for their children’s physical and material needs, or in which therapists discovered
that the family functioning was more impaired than what was initially assessed. We provide a case study that exemplifies many
of these findings. 相似文献
This qualitative study identified four life trajectories that influenced the decision in young women to have genetic testing
for mutations in BRCA1/2 and subsequent risk reduction decisions after receiving a positive mutation result. Fifty nine women between the ages of
18–39 years were interviewed in this grounded theory study, 44 of those tested were found to have a mutation in either BRCA1 or BRCA2. Of those with a mutation, 23 had no history of cancer and 21 had a breast cancer diagnosis. Analysis of the 44 participants
tested found that risk reducing decisions were related to the life trajectories that preceded genetic testing. These life
trajectories included: 1) Long-standing awareness of breast cancer in the family, 2) Loss of one’s mother to breast cancer
at a young age, 3) Expression of concern by a health care provider, and 4) Personal diagnosis of breast cancer. Understanding
possible influences behind decision making for genetic testing and risk reduction in young women may assist health care providers
in offering age appropriate guidance and support. 相似文献