排序方式: 共有167条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
151.
Gaillard V Vandenberghe M Destrebecqz A Cleeremans A 《Consciousness and cognition》2006,15(4):709-722
How do we find out whether someone is conscious of some information or not? A simple answer is “We just ask them”! However, things are not so simple. Here, we review recent developments in the use of subjective and objective methods in implicit learning research and discuss the highly complex methodological problems that their use raises in the domain. 相似文献
152.
Does the mastery of center-embedded linguistic structures distinguish humans from nonhuman primates?
In a recentScience article, Fitch and Hauser (2004; hereafter, F&H) claimed to have demonstrated that cotton-top tamarins fail to learn an artificial
language produced by a phrase structure grammar (Chomsky, 1957) generating center-embedded sentences, whereas adult humans
easily learn such a language. We report an experiment replicating the results of F&H in humans but also showing that subjects
learned the language without exploiting in any way the center-embedded structure. When the procedure was modified to make
the processing of this structure mandatory, the subjects no longer showed evidence of learning. We propose a simple interpretation
for the difference in performance observed in F&H’s task between humans and tamarins and argue that, beyond the specific drawbacks
inherent in F&H’s study, researching the source of the inability of nonhuman primates to master language within a framework
built around Chomsky’s hierarchy of grammars is a conceptual dead end. 相似文献
153.
Bierman DJ Destrebecqz A Cleeremans A 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2005,5(3):297-305
In this article, we explore the extent to which implicit learning is subtended by somatic markers, as evidenced by skin conductance
measures. On each trial, subjects were asked to decide which “word” from a pair of “words” was the “correct” one. Unknown
to the subjects, each “word” of a pair was constructed using a different set of rules (Grammar Aand Grammar B). A (monetary)
reward was given if the subject chose the “word” from Grammar A. Choosing the Grammar B word resulted in (monetary) punishment.
Skin conductance was measured during each of 100 trials. After each set of 10 trials, the subjects were asked how they selected
the “correct word.” Task performance increased long before the subjects could even formulate a single relevant rule. In this
preconceptual phase of the experiment, skin conductance was larger before incorrect than before correct choices. Thus, it was shown that
artificial grammar learning is accompanied by a somatic marker, possibly “warning” the subject of the incorrect decision. 相似文献
154.
It has recently been reported that words containing a multiletter grapheme are processed slower than are words composed of single-letter graphemes (Rastle & Coltheart, 1998; Rey, Jacobs, Schmidt-Weigand, & Ziegler, 1998). In the present study, using a perceptual identification task, we found in Experiment 1 that this graphemic complexity effect can be observed while controlling for multiple print-to-sound associations, indexed by regularity or consistency. In Experiment 2, we obtained cumulative effects of graphemic complexity and regularity. These effects were replicated in Experiment 3 in a naming task. Overall, these results indicate that graphemic complexity and multiple print-to-sound associations effects are independent and should be accounted for in different ways by models of written word processing. 相似文献
155.
Mining event-related brain dynamics 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
This article provides a new, more comprehensive view of event-related brain dynamics founded on an information-based approach to modeling electroencephalographic (EEG) dynamics. Most EEG research focuses either on peaks 'evoked' in average event-related potentials (ERPs) or on changes 'induced' in the EEG power spectrum by experimental events. Although these measures are nearly complementary, they do not fully model the event-related dynamics in the data, and cannot isolate the signals of the contributing cortical areas. We propose that many ERPs and other EEG features are better viewed as time/frequency perturbations of underlying field potential processes. The new approach combines independent component analysis (ICA), time/frequency analysis, and trial-by-trial visualization that measures EEG source dynamics without requiring an explicit head model. 相似文献
156.
Stéphane Raffard Arnaud D'Argembeau Claudia Lardi Sophie Bayard Jean-Philippe Boulenger Jean-Philippe Boulenger 《Memory (Hove, England)》2013,21(1):26-38
Previous studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia are impaired in recalling specific events from their personal past. However, the relationship between autobiographical memory impairments and disturbance of the sense of identity in schizophrenia has not been investigated in detail. In this study the authors investigated schizophrenic patients’ ability to recall self-defining memories; that is, memories that play an important role in building and maintaining the self-concept. Results showed that patients recalled as many specific self-defining memories as healthy participants. However, patients with schizophrenia exhibited an abnormal reminiscence bump and reported different types of thematic content (i.e., they recalled less memories about past achievements and more memories regarding hospitalisation and stigmatisation of illness). Furthermore, the findings suggest that impairments in extracting meaning from personal memories could represent a core disturbance of autobiographical memory in patients with schizophrenia. 相似文献
157.
People's self-images are grounded in autobiographical memories and, in particular, in the phenomenological experience associated with remembering. The desire to increase or maintain the positivity of the self-image (i.e., the self-enhancement motive) might thus play an important role in shaping memory phenomenology. This study examined this hypothesis by asking participants to recall positive and negative events that involve self-evaluations (i.e., pride and shame) and positive and negative events that involve evaluations about others (i.e., admiration and contempt); various phenomenological characteristics (e.g., sensory details, feeling of re-experiencing) were assessed using rating scales. The results show a positivity bias (i.e., subjectively remembering positive events with more details than negative events) for events that involve self-evaluations but not for events that involve evaluations of others. In addition, this bias was stronger for people high in self-esteem. It is concluded that biases affecting the phenomenology of autobiographical memory are part of the arsenal of psychological mechanisms people use to maintain a positive self-image. 相似文献
158.
Courrieu P Brand-D'abrescia M Peereman R Spieler D Rey A 《Behavior research methods》2011,43(1):37-55
A new method, with an application program in Matlab code, is proposed for testing item performance models on empirical databases. This method uses data intraclass correlation statistics as expected correlations to which one compares simple functions of correlations between model predictions and observed item performance. The method rests on a data population model whose validity for the considered data is suitably tested and has been verified for three behavioural measure databases. Contrarily to usual model selection criteria, this method provides an effective way of testing under-fitting and over-fitting, answering the usually neglected question "does this model suitably account for these data?" 相似文献
159.
The ability to think about the future-prospection-is central to many aspects of human cognition and behavior, from planning and decision making, to self-control and the construction of a sense of identity. Yet, the exact nature of the representational systems underlying prospection is not fully understood. Recent findings point to the critical role of episodic memory in imagining specific future events, but it is unlikely that prospection depends solely on this system. Using an event-cueing paradigm in two studies, we here show that specific events that people imagine might happen in their personal future are commonly embedded in broader event sequences-termed event clusters-that link a set of envisioned events according to causal and thematic relations. These findings provide novel evidence that prospection relies on multiple representational systems, with general autobiographical knowledge structures providing a frame that organizes imagined events in overarching event sequences. The results further suggest that knowledge about personal goals plays an important role in structuring these event sequences, especially for the distant future. 相似文献
160.