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391.
Mark A. Barnett Guy D. Vitaglione Jeffrey S. Bartel Fred W. Sanborn 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2000,19(2):87-109
In two investigations, participants were asked to evaluate eight different young adults (Study 1) and children (Study 2) who
had described (a) a situation in which they had offered assistance to another individual and (b) the reason why they had offered
the assistance in that situation. Although other-oriented helpers and their motives were generally rated more favorably than
self-oriented helpers and their motives, participants' evaluations were found to be influenced by the closeness of the helper-recipient
relationship, the type of help provided (i.e., instrumental vs. expressive), and the participants' gender. A similar pattern
of responses was found for the undergraduate (Studies 1 and 2) and preadolescent (Study 2) participants. 相似文献
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Heidemarie E. Schroeder Uwe Schroeder Guy Santibáñez-H. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1986,21(1):16-24
This study analyzes so-called hopeless gaggers,i.e., patients in whom dental treatment and wearing of a prosthesis produced a retching or vomiting reaction, in order to investigate the sources and properties of this pathologic reaction. In 35 patients, an anamnestic inquiry, a determination of the reflexogenic zone, a recording of the peripheral pattern of the pathologic reflex, and extinction training were performed. A group of six normal persons served as a comparison group. It was shown that patients, in comparison with normals, had an enlarged receptive field, were sensitive to a broader population of stimuli, and showed precursors and aftereffects of the retching-vomiting not found in normals. This pathologic reaction was the symptom of different Psychopathologie processes, such as specific fear, repugnance-fear-based disturbances, diffuse anxiety, goal-directed behavior, depressive states and, at least in one case, visceral pathology. The various patients differed with respect to properties of the reaction as well as in the sensitivity to the extinction procedure. It is discussed that different integrative nervous processes play a role in the origin and development of the syndrome: activation of unconditional reflexes, activation of classic and instrumental conditional reflexes, activation of such reflexes by an increase of the reactivity level of specific and unspecific structures of the brain, generalization of stimuli,etc. 相似文献
395.
This paper is devoted to the study of the relationship between the subjective component (feelings) and the behavioral aspect of emotions. The following emotions were studied: fear-anxiety, anger-aggression, joy-laughter, love-eroticism, love-tenderness, and sadness-tears. The observations were performed with three different groups of people: patients with anxiety neurosis, students under hypnosis, and drama students. Each emotion was characterized by a specific set of reactions in the respiratory pattern, heart activity, muscular activity, and facial expression. The feelings were correlated with the behavioral patterns and each time the behavioral patterns were interfered with a concomitant modification of the subjectivity component was observed. The direct performance of the behavioral emotional patterns in the absence of the emotogenic stimulus produced the feeling corresponding to the mimicked emotion. If the subjects were stimulated with an emotogenic stimulus during the direct performance of the behavioral patterns of another emotion, they confessed to have the feeling corresponding to the mimicked emotion, and not to the emotion belonging to the emotogenic stimulus. The role played by the feedback from the effector organs in the determination of the subjective emotional states is discussed. 相似文献
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Guy Santibáñez-H. Heidemarie Schroeder 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1988,23(1):15-21
This study is to compare heart reactivity between normals and anxiety neurotic patients. Five male and five female patients
with anxiety neurosis and four male and five female normal persons were submitted to classic delayed conditional reflexes
with different probabilities of reinforcement (shock), to a defensive instrumental conditional reflex, and to a neutral nonreinforced
stimulus. The basal heart frequency was higher in neurotics and in women than in normals and men. The conditional stimulus
(CS) associated with a shock generally produced a bradycardia in normal individuals and in neurotic men, but a tachycardia
in neurotic women (effects most pronounced in cases with 100% shock probability). The instrumental CS caused a tachycardia
in all of the groups, with highest values in neurotic women. The neutral stimulus produced bradycardia in all persons. The
aftereffect of the light stimulus depended on whether a shock was administered and on the CS. The differences between neurotics
and normals are explained as caused by the heightened excitatory level of the CNS of the neurotic group, produced by the unspecific
activating effect of chronic anxiety, and differences of plastic processes in both groups, resulting in different effects
of phasic anxiety on the heart. Complex inhibitory-excitatory interactions of the sympathetic and the vagal system underlying
the heart rate changes may be assumed. Possible mechanisms leading to sex differences are discussed. 相似文献
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Recent models in quantum cosmology make use of the concept of imaginary time. These models all conjecture a join between regions of imaginary time and regions of real time. We examine the model of James Hartle and Stephen Hawking to argue that the various no-boundary attempts to interpret the transition from imaginary to real time in a logically consistent and physically significant way all fail. We believe this conclusion also applies to quantum tunneling models, such as that proposed by Alexander Vilenkin. We conclude, therefore, that the notion of emerging from imaginary time is incoherent. A consequence of this conclusion seems to be that the whole class of cosmological models appealing to imaginary time is thereby refuted.We would like to thank Quentin Smith for helpful comments on an carlier version of this eassy. Read Guy gratefully acknowledges support from the M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust. 相似文献