声旁规则性对命名声旁和整字的影响

探讨声旁规则性对命名声旁或整字的影响,在速示与慢示呈现条件下命名声旁或汉字。结果发现：（1）声旁命名在速示呈现时因规则声旁易化;慢示呈现时无显著规则性效应,但受声旁部件数影响;（2）在两种呈现条件下,命名含不表音声旁字的反应时最快,错误率最低;命名含单部件、高频声旁字的反应时慢,错误率高;命名含多部件、低频声旁字的反应时快,错误率低。说明是声旁规则性对声旁命名有易化作用;对整字命名有干扰作用,但与声旁频率与部件数有关。     

语义知识神经表征的fMRI研究：通道特异性或类别特异性？

在同一实验中同时考虑类别与通道二个因素,并采用典型的语义提取任务应用功能磁共振成像技术探讨了语义知识的神经基础,结果发现不同类型的语义知识的脑激活模式（含左梭形回的激活）无论在范围还是强度上存在很大的相似性;而且,在严格的统计阈值下,不存在通道或是类别特异性激活的脑区。结果提示语义知识的神经表征分布于整个大脑皮层;在提取物体语义知识时都会同时激活该物体的视觉表象。另外,研究观察到的语义提取过程中BA9区的激活进一步证实并扩展了关于“汉语和表音文字在皮层组织上存在重要差异的观点”。     

两难情景下任务结构与价值取向的效用特征转换

实验采用两难对策任务的情景模拟 ,研究决策者在群体决策情景当中的效用特征转换。 6 2名被试参加了实验。研究发现 ,任务结构与个体价值取向都是影响决策效用特征转换的重要因素 ,并且这种效用特征的转换有稳定关系存在 ,以此为基础来设计组织计算机团队工作具有重要意义     

Effects of hazard exposure and roadway complexity on young and older driver situation awareness and performance

Few previous studies of driver situation awareness (SA) have focused on behavior in hazard negotiation. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of hazard exposure on driver SA and interactions with age and roadway complexity. Ten young (18–25 yrs) and ten older (65–81 yrs) participants drove in a simulator under two levels of environment complexity (simple – rural vs. complex – city) with two types of hazard exposure (static vs. dynamic). Situation awareness was measured using real-time probes posed by a confederate passenger. Driving performance was assessed in terms of lane maintenance and speed control. Results revealed hazards to cause degradations in high level of driver SA and speed control or to trigger adaptation, and vulnerability to hazard type was dependent on driver age. Older drivers exhibited greater speed reduction in response to dynamic hazards; whereas, young driver maintained higher speed, as compared to normal driving, when confronted with static hazards. In addition, increased roadway environment complexity compounded decrements in performance caused by hazard exposure. These findings are applicable to modeling driver behavior and SA under hazardous conditions and may support the design of new in-vehicle assistive technologies for hazard avoidance.     

Responses toward a trapped animal by wild bonobos at Wamba

Chimpanzees and bonobos are the closest living relatives of humans and diverged relatively recently in their phylogenetic history. However, a number of reports have suggested behavioral discrepancies between the two Pan species, such as more cooperative and tolerant social interaction and poorer tool-using repertoires in bonobos. Concerning hunting behavior and meat consumption, recent studies from the field have confirmed both behaviors not only in chimpanzees but also in bonobos. The present study reports an encounter by wild bonobos at Wamba with a duiker trapped in a snare. Bonobos interacted with the live duiker for about 10 min but did not eventually kill the animal. They showed fear responses when the duiker moved and exhibited behaviors related to anxiety and stress such as branch-drag displays and self-scratching. Although bonobos manipulated nearby saplings and parts of the snare, they did not use detached objects to make indirect contact with the duiker. Juveniles and adults of both sexes engaged in active interactions with the trapped duiker. Overall, bonobos’ behavioral responses indicated species-specific cognitive characteristics largely different from those of chimpanzees.     

品牌名称暗示性对消费者决策选择的影响：认知需要和专业化水平的调节作用

品牌管理者最首要的决策就是选择一个好记的或有意义的品牌名字。由于任何特征的品牌名字都必须借助消费者的认知差异来实现真正的差异化, 因此, 从消费者认知特点出发研究暗示性品牌名字就显得尤为重要和有意义。本文通过3个实验, 分别验证了消费者认知需要和专业化水平对品牌名称暗示性与决策选择的调节作用。方差分析发现：低专业化水平的消费者更倾向于根据暗示性的品牌名字做出决策, 而高专业化水平的消费者则不受品牌名称暗示程度的影响。此外, 低认知需要的消费者比较喜欢暗示性的品牌名字, 而对于高认知需要的消费者来说, 品牌名字的暗示性程度不会对其决策过程产生影响。最后, 研究结果揭示了专业化水平和认知需要对暗示性品牌名字效果发挥具有交互作用。对于具有高专业化水平的消费者来说, 无论他们处于低认知需要还是高认知需要, 品牌名字的暗示程度都不会影响他们的态度形成。相反地,对于具有低专业化水平的消费者来说, 无论是低认知需要还是高认知需要均倾向于暗示性的品牌名字。而对于专业化程度中等的消费者而言, 暗示性品牌名字效用的发挥则取决于其处理信息的动机—认知需要水平。     

Novelty as Opportunity and Risk: A Situated Cognition Analysis of Psychological Control and Novelty Seeking

Novel products present unknown opportunities as well as unknown risks. Past research suggested that low psychological control highlights risks and reduces the adoption of novel products. Consistent with a situated cognition perspective, we show that this depends on the specifics of low control. Across five studies, novelty seeking was lower after consumers thought about instances of low (vs. high) personal influence, but higher after consumers thought about instances of low (vs. high) predictability of the world. Thinking about a lack of personal influence increased the perceived importance of personal capability and in turn impaired the exploration of novel options, whereas thinking about an unpredictable world increased the perceived importance of preparedness for an unknown future and in turn the exploration of novel options. Throughout, perceiving low personal influence benefited familiar products, whereas seeing the world as unpredictable benefited novel products. This highlights that understanding consumers' responses to a lack of control requires joint consideration of the specifics of threat and task, consistent with situated cognition principles.     

Perceived Parental Monitoring and Online Deviant Behavior Among Chinese Adolescents: a Moderated Mediation Model

Previous studies uncovered that perceived parental monitoring, personality, and self-control were three important external and internal factors that influenced adolescents’ online deviant behaviors. However, as the dark side of personality, the Dark triad, which implies a disagreeable disposition, lack of humility, belief of being able to predict future outcomes and an opportunistic life strategy, has rarely been used to explore its relationship with online deviant behaviors. Based on problem behavior theory, general aggression model, and models of risk factors and protective factors on problem/deviant behaviors, the current study investigated the relationship among perceived parental monitoring, the Dark Triad, and self-control on online deviant behaviors. A total of 1921 middle and high school students (aged 11–18 years) from China reported their online deviant behaviors (cyberbullying behavior, Internet rumors, deception on the Internet, and cyber obscenity/pornography), perceived parental monitoring, and the Dark Triad as well as the self-control level of individuals. The results of the Pearson correlation showed there were significant correlations among perceived parental monitoring, the Dark Triad, and self-control on online deviant behaviors. The results of the structural equation model (SEM) indicated that the Dark Triad partially mediated the relationship between perceived parental monitoring and online deviant behaviors. Self-control moderated the mediation effect of the Dark Triad. Specifically, self-control weakened the positive relationship between the Dark Triad and online deviant behaviors, and increased the negative relationship between perceived parental monitoring and online deviant behaviors. Our findings expand the applicable environment of the Dark Triad and emphasize its association with online deviant behaviors. Attention should be paid to the interaction of internal traits (e.g., personality and self-control) and explicit family environment (e.g., perceived parental monitoring) in online deviant behavior interventions.

     

The effects of cognitive load and encoding modality on prospective memory

Cognitive Processing - Successful execution of an intention as planned is necessary for people's normal life. However, people sometimes even forget intentions that they consider as...     

Degree of extraversion and physiological responses to physical pain and sadness

Extraversion is a personality frequently discussed as one of the strongest and most consistent factors that relates to individual subjective wellbeing. The goal of this study was to better understand how people with varying degrees of extraversion psychologically and physiologically respond differently to unpleasant circumstances. Emotional responses (e.g., levels of intensity, valence, and arousal) were assessed in determining the sensitivity level to negative stimuli that were specifically designed to provoke physical pain and sadness emotion. Physiological changes (e.g., heart rate (HR), blood volume pulse (BVP), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)) were also measured during pain and sadness to observe sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. Our results showed that the degree of extraversion was associated with less unpleasant responses to sadness, less HR responses to both pain and sadness, and greater RSA responses to sadness. The findings suggest that the lower HR reactivity to painful and sad situations and greater RSA reactivity to sad situations in extraversion could be possibly due to increased parasympathetic activity. Additionally, enhanced parasympathetic activity to negative situations may explain an important mechanism underlying the positive connection between extraversion and subjective wellbeing.