Multiple memory stores and operant conditioning: a rationale for memory's complexity

Why does the brain contain more than one memory system? Genetic algorithms can play a role in elucidating this question. Here, model animals were constructed containing a dorsal striatal layer that controlled actions, and a ventral striatal layer that controlled a dopaminergic learning signal. Both layers could gain access to three modeled memory stores, but such access was penalized as energy expenditure. Model animals were then selected on their fitness in simulated operant conditioning tasks. Results suggest that having access to multiple memory stores and their representations is important in learning to regulate dopamine release, as well as in contextual discrimination. For simple operant conditioning, as well as stimulus discrimination, hippocampal compound representations turned out to suffice, a counterintuitive result given findings that hippocampal lesions tend not to affect performance in such tasks. We argue that there is in fact evidence to support a role for compound representations and the hippocampus in even the simplest conditioning tasks.     

中世纪阿拉伯世界科学兴衰原因浅析

一、探讨中世纪阿拉伯世界科学兴衰的原因,是个很有意义的问题。这里说的中世纪,严格说来,应该说是8到12世纪,或者延伸到13、14世纪时的中世纪的阿拉伯世界,或者说,伊斯兰世界。就这时的科学家活动的地区来说,可以分为东方部分(主要包括今天的伊拉克、叙利亚、埃及、伊朗和中亚的部分地区)和西方部分(突尼斯、摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚和西班牙地区)。这些地区的科学家来自不同民族、不同宗教信仰,有基督教徒、     

苏非派与中国经堂教育

伊斯兰教在中国传播、发展过程中,不断吸取中国传统文化的滋养,逐渐实现了伊斯兰教的中国化。其中,经堂教育的倡兴和发展,是伊斯兰教中国化的一个关键步骤。本文肯定了早年苏非派对经堂教育的影响以及后来排斥其影响的必然性,介绍了苏非著作列为经堂读本以及经师和经生的思想言行、生活方式受苏非主义影响的情况,讨论了中国伊斯兰教中一度出现的教争现象,探讨了苏非著作作者的道统（或教团归属）,进而得出伊斯兰教中国化的几个初步的结论。     

Toward a reconceptualization of the law of initial value.

The traditional model of the law of initial value (LIV), "the higher the initial value, the smaller the response to function-raising, the larger the response to function-depressing stimuli" (Wilder, 1967, p. viii), is critically reviewed. Statistically, the usage of rDX, bDX, and bYX as the indices of LIV contains a spurious X(Y-X) effect. Moreover, defining initial value as a synonym of baseline is too narrow to cover an organism's various states. The parameter of structural relationship beta e value and a null hypothesis test (beta e = 1) are recommended to examine initial-value dependency for different levels of initial value and trends of change. Data suggest that LIV should be revised as follows: The higher the initial value, the greater the organism's following reactivity, although a tendency to reversed responses may occur when the initial value reaches its upper extremity. Both phenomena are probably due to constitutional and homeostatic mechanisms, respectively.     

广告作品评价系统的心理学研究

本研究从1990年至1991年,在全国许多城市对消费者的电视和报纸广告作品的一般性评价进行了调查,分别获得了五至六个基本评价因素:可信度、吸引力、适合度、感染力、认知力和必要信息;通过控制试验,又获得了它们的相对重视度和广告作品评价的数学模型: B=∑a_k ·r_(kj)     

双眼视差融合允许的延迟时限

用微机化的伪随机点立体图对发生器产生动态随机点立体图对(RDS),显示在左右两个示波器上。每一对RDS图形呈现给左右两眼的时间之间有延迟。具有正常立体视觉的14名被试通过立体镜观察这些图形,检测双眼融合产生鲜明立体图形知觉所允许的延迟时间。设计了三个实验用以检测改变RDS图形的空间参数对延迟时限的影响。第一个实验,改变RDS图形的大小;第二个实验,改变视差的类型和视差的值;第三个实验,改变RDS图形在示波器上的显示位置。结果表明,双眼立体知觉能容许大约50毫秒的延迟,改变RDS图形的空间参数对所允许的延迟时限有一定程度的影响。这些结果提出了,双眼立体视觉信息加工依赖于瞬时视觉信息的存贮,在立体知觉过程中并不涉及双眼视觉信息的短时和长时记忆。     

Evaluation of a structural polymorphism in the ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) gene and the activation of executive attention networks

The specificity of genetic effects on brain activation is a central issue in understanding how molecular actions at the synapse relate to anatomic patterns of brain activity. In an effort to understand the basis for the specificity of gene-associated brain activity, we explore a well-studied genetic polymorphism, TaqIA, which lies downstream of the DRD2 gene in the protein-encoding region of a neighboring gene, ANKK1, which is not expressed in the brain. We utilize the attention network test and find that carriers of the A1 allele show gene-associated functional activation in an anatomically specific, dopamine-rich region of the brain comprising the anterior cingulate gyrus, a finding partially consistent with prior data from functional imaging genetics. A review of the patterns of expression for ANKK1 and DRD2 and the extent of linkage disequilibrium between the two genes sheds light on additional criteria for the selection of candidate genes in imaging-genetic studies.     

Rethinking procrastination: positive effects of "active" procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance

Researchers and practitioners have long regarded procrastination as a self-handicapping and dysfunctional behavior. In the present study, the authors proposed that not all procrastination behaviors either are harmful or lead to negative consequences. Specifically, the authors differentiated two types of procrastinators: passive procrastinators versus active procrastinators. Passive procrastinators are procrastinators in the traditional sense. They are paralyzed by their indecision to act and fail to complete tasks on time. In contrast, active procrastinators are a "positive" type of procrastinator. They prefer to work under pressure, and they make deliberate decisions to procrastinate. The present results showed that although active procrastinators procrastinate to the same degree as passive procrastinators, they are more similar to nonprocrastinators than to passive procrastinators in terms of purposive use of time, control of time, self-efficacy belief, coping styles, and outcomes including academic performance. The present findings offer a more sophisticated understanding of procrastination behavior and indicate a need to reevaluate its implications for outcomes of individuals.     

内外动机对青少年记忆的影响及其神经机制

动机是一切行为的核心, 动机可分为外在和内在动机。青少年时期既是记忆的关键期, 也是动机发展的特殊时期。然而, 目前关于内外动机影响青少年记忆的研究才刚刚起步, 尚不清楚外在和内在动机影响青少年记忆的规律和机制是否一致, 也不清楚二者如何交互影响记忆。本研究将结合认知范式和脑成像技术, 考察外在和内在动机如何分别影响以及交互影响青少年记忆。这将有助于更加全面、深刻理解内外动机影响青少年记忆的独特规律和机制, 为科学提升青少年动机和记忆效果提供研究证据。     

心理脱离对工作投入的影响：促进还是抑制?

心理脱离是指非工作时间内个体在时空和心理两个层面均从工作中脱离出来, 不被工作相关问题所干扰, 并停止对工作的思考。主流研究认为心理脱离对工作投入具有正向影响, 但也有研究发现两者为负向关系。不同研究结果的矛盾是由于未区分心理脱离状态和心理脱离行为、下班时间和工作间歇心理脱离, 或是由于心理脱离程度差异造成, 或是两者间存在方向相反的作用机制, 或受其他变量的调节?目前的研究尚未给出一个整合的解释。因此, 本研究提出应区分心理脱离行为和心理脱离状态, 先综合采用质性与定量分析检验各自的内涵, 在此基础上依据工作要求?资源模型(Job Demands-Resources Model, 简称JD-R模型)构建一个综合模型, 采用经验取样法和情景实验法, 分别考察下班时间和工作间歇中的心理脱离行为和心理脱离状态对工作投入的影响及机制, 并考察任务紧急性和职业使命感等任务和个体特征的调节作用。预期对以往的矛盾结论给予一个整合的理论解释, 并提出相关的心理脱离管理对策, 以提升员工心理脱离状态, 从而促进其工作投入。