Emotional reactions to scandals: When does moral character make a difference?

A scandal can evoke public outrage when it is widely publicized and involves an individual who is perceived to have a high level of cultural representativeness. Two experiments showed that when the scandalous target's moral character was highlighted, emotional responses towards the target were least negative when the scandal was widely circulated and when the target was seen as a representative of his culture. These results suggest that when a cultural symbol is implicated in a widely‐circulated scandal, the negative emotions directed towards the scandalous individual can be alleviated when the public remains confident in his or her commitment to morality.     

近五年西方心理学重要期刊发表论文简评

摘要：以《心理学公报》、《心理学评论》和《心理学年度评论》三种心理学国际权威学术期刊从2005年到2009年发表的论文为基础,从研究领域、研究主题、引用率等方面对国际心理学的研究进行了文献计量分析。探讨了心理学发展趋势,指出基础/实验心理、社会心理和健康心理领域的研究仍然是心理学研究的主流,但研究方法、技术发生了根本改变;认知、学习与记忆、决策与判断、情绪健康等主题是心理学研究的热点,从而启发中国的心理学研究者应加强研究方法和统计的训练,关注研究的本土化,进行跨学科、多层次整合的研究以及拓展研究主题。     

Learning as a task or a virtue: U.S. And Chinese preschoolers explain learning

The purpose of this study was to examine cultural influences on conceptual orientations of learning in U.S. and Chinese preschoolers. A sample of 188 preschoolers 4-6 years of age provided free-narrative responses to 2 story beginnings about the learning behavior of 2 protagonists, 1 who worked hard and 1 who gave up. Results showed that despite some differences in the younger age groups, children from both cultures valued learning similarly at age 6. However, important cultural differences emerged in children's construals of the learning process. U.S. children showed a heightened awareness of the mind/task attributes of the learner, that is, ability, task attempting, and strategy use. By contrast, Chinese children perceived more the learner's dispositional qualities of diligence, persistence, and concentration. These trends increased as children's age increased. The U.S. findings are interpreted as reflecting the U.S. cultural emphasis on learning as a task, and the Chinese results, as reflecting the Chinese cultural focus on learning as a process of cultivating personal virtue.     

从佛教量论看翻译的实质及类型划分--兼论翻译理论中的不可译性问题

本文首先从佛教量论的角度对翻译的实质做出界定,指出翻译的实质是一种为他(社会性)的比量活动。根据翻译为他比量的实质,可以引导出翻译的两种类型：比知翻译和喻知翻译。比知翻译是具有事先直接约定性的语言传递活动;喻知翻译是没有事先直接约定的语言传递活动。根据从佛教量论对翻译实质和类型的规定,本文分析了不可译性问题,揭示出不可译性在认识论上的误区,指出不可译性是不可知论或怀疑论在翻译领域的显现。     

先秦音乐与儒家的礼乐理想

中国古代音乐的基本理论在先秦时期已初具系统。从音律上看,先秦音乐与现代音乐或西方古代音乐不存在本质上的不同,但在音阶的选用上,人们把“五声”视为最理想的音阶,所追求的音乐意念是“和”。先秦儒家在继承周代礼乐制度的基础上提出了“礼以别宜、乐以敦和”的礼乐理想作为治国平天下的基本途径,不仅使礼乐之间的互补关系得到进一步发展,还使“乐”的含义发生了深刻的转化。所谓乐,不仅指声音的和谐,更重要的是内心的愉悦,即“无声之乐”。它所强调的是个人对差别性社会规范即礼的发自内心的认同,并从生活践履中获得和乐的内在体验。     

Synaptogenesis and heritable aspects of executive attention

In humans, changes in brain structure and function can be measured non-invasively during postnatal development. In animals, advanced optical imaging measures can track the formation of synapses during learning and behavior. With the recent progress in these technologies, it is appropriate to begin to assess how the physiological processes of synapse, circuit, and neural network formation relate to the process of cognitive development. Of particular interest is the development of executive function, which develops more gradually in humans. One approach that has shown promise is molecular genetics. The completion of the human genome project and the human genome diversity project make it straightforward to ask whether variation in a particular gene correlates with variation in behavior, brain structure, brain activity, or all of the above. Strategies that unify the wealth of biochemical knowledge pertaining to synapse formation with the functional measures of brain structure and activity may lead to new insights in developmental cognitive psychology.     

学习困难学生认知加工机制的研究

采用两因素混合实验设计,在严格控制条件下,比较了学困生和学优生在工作记忆容量上的差异,并在此基础上引入提示程序进一步探讨,学困生ＷＭ容量低主要是由存贮能力造成的还是由加工效率造成的或是两者时起作用的问题。     

肿瘤生物学治疗研究的现状及思考

肿瘤发生的相关因素众多,经历正常体细胞的突变,免疫系统对突变细胞的识别及系统对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用等三个阶段。人类在攻克肿瘤的斗争中农渐认识到,免疫系统对肿瘤细胞的识别是关系到肿瘤是否发生的关键,重建免疫识别是人类攻克肿瘤的希望。     

对分心物特性抑制中位置因素的排除

本研究以汉语单字词为材料,使用反应时技术,考察在归类住条中分心物的位置因素是否也与分心物特性因素一样,影响被试对探测显示中目标的反应时间（RTDT）。结果表明,RTDT不随分心物位置数目变化而变化,只随着分心物特性数目变化而变化．由此得出,象归类这种属于语义表征的、与位置无关的任务中被试并不抑制分心物出现的位置,并可进一步推论,分心物抑制可能是一种灵活机制。