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241.
Observers have difficulty detecting visual changes. However, they are unaware of this inability, suggesting that people do not have an accurate understanding of visual processes. We explored whether this error is related to participants' beliefs about the roles of intention and scene complexity in detecting changes. In Experiment 1 participants had a higher failure rate for detecting changes in an incidental change detection task than an intentional change detection task. This effect of intention was greatest for complex scenes. However, participants predicted equal levels of change detection for both types of changes across scene complexity. In Experiment 2, emphasizing the differences between intentional and incidental tasks allowed participants to make predictions that were less inaccurate. In Experiment 3, using more sensitive measures and accounting for individual differences did not further improve predictions. These findings suggest that adults do not fully understand the role of intention and scene complexity in change detection. 相似文献
242.
Employees (N = 176) of a large metropolitan health care corporation completed the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Inventory (TKI; K. W. Thomas & R. H. Kilmann, 1974), and the authors computed scores on each of 5 characteristic conflict styles (competing, collaborating, compromising, accommodating, and avoiding). Respondents again completed the TKI, this time by identifying their ideal conflict styles. Participants also provided ratings of job distress and demographic information. Compromising and avoiding were the most strongly endorsed actual conflict styles, and avoiding was the most strongly endorsed ideal conflict style. Respondents viewed their ideal conflict style as more competitive, less collaborative, and more avoidant than their actual conflict style. Job distress did not correlate with actual or ideal conflict styles. However, participants whose actual conflict style matched their ideal conflict style reported lower distress, especially if they perceived a high level of destructive conflict in their work environment. Distress was also lowest for respondents in high managerial positions and respondents who had been in the organization for a short time. 相似文献
243.
Pirzadeh SM McCarthy Veach P Bartels DM Kao J Leroy BS 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(6):763-773
Personal values are motivational sources for an individual’s actions [Hitlin and Piliavin (Annual Review of Sociology 30:359–393,
2004)]. Genetic counselors’ values may influence their behaviors in clinical practice, but a profile of their personal values
has not been identified empirically. In this study, 292 genetic counselors completed the Schwartz Universal Values Questionnaire
(SUVQ; Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests
in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1–65). Boston, MA: Academic.), a widely used measure of value types, and provided information about their demographic
characteristics. Results indicate that respondents highly valued benevolence, self-direction, achievement, and universalism indicating a strong pattern of concern for the welfare of others. They placed considerably less value on stimulation, tradition, and power, which reflect personal interests. Respondents who reported practicing a religion scored significantly lower on stimulation and hedonism and higher on tradition and spirituality than those not practicing; married respondents and parents scored significantly lower on stimulation and achievement; and males scored higher on power than females. The value types are described, and training and research recommendations are provided. 相似文献
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245.
Stephen L. Schensul Niranjan Saggurti Rajendra Singh Ravi K. Verma Bonnie K. Nastasi Papiya Guha Mazumder 《American journal of community psychology》2009,43(3-4):277-291
This paper explores the meaning and applicability of multilevel interventions and the role of ethnography in identifying intervention opportunities and accounting for research design limitations. It utilizes as a case example the data and experiences from a 6-year, NIMH-funded, intervention to prevent HIV/STI among married men in urban poor communities in Mumbai, India. The experiences generated by this project illustrate the need for multilevel interventions to include: (1) ethnographically driven formative research to delineate appropriate levels, stakeholders and collaborators; (2) identification of ways to link interventions to the local culture and community context; (3) the development of a model of intervention that is sufficiently flexible to be consistently applied to different intervention levels using comparable culturally congruent concepts and approaches; (4) mechanisms to involve community residents, community based organizations and community-based institutions; and (5) approaches to data collection that can evaluate the impact of the project on multiple intersecting levels. 相似文献
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247.
Optimism, perceived risk of breast cancer, and cancer worry among a community-based sample of women.
Bonnie A McGregor Deborah J Bowen Donna P Ankerst M Robyn Andersen Yutaka Yasui Anne McTiernan 《Health psychology》2004,23(4):339-344
Optimism is frequently inversely associated with distress; however, less is known about the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Optimism can be defined as having a generalized positive expectancy about the future. The authors hypothesized that a specific expectancy might mediate the relationship between optimism and distress. That model was tested using perceived risk of breast cancer as a specific measure of expectancy and cancer worry as a measure of distress in a community-based sample of 1,366 women. It was hypothesized that optimism would be inversely associated with cancer worry and that perceived risk of breast cancer would mediate the relationship between optimism and cancer worry. Multiple regression analyses revealed that perceived risk partially mediated the relationship between optimism and cancer worry. 相似文献
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Karrie A. Hines Patricia McCarthy Veach Bonnie S. LeRoy 《Journal of genetic counseling》2010,19(2):131-147
Research indicates that health care professionals’ attitudes may affect patients’ decisions regarding prenatal Huntington Disease testing, but few studies have sampled genetic counselors. In this qualitative study, genetic counselors described their experiences counseling individuals at risk for HD regarding reproductive decision-making. Five major research questions were investigated: 1) What are genetic counselor responsibilities? 2) What issues arise for patients and counselors? 3) How do counselors reconcile prenatal testing with presymptomatic testing? 4) To what extent are counselors’ initial expectations of at-risk patients’ beliefs and behaviors met? and 5) What advice would counselors offer to novice practitioners about working with this patient population? Fifteen genetic counselors experienced in counseling individuals at risk for HD participated in a semi-structured phone interview that yielded several themes. For example, participants identified their primary responsibility as information provision; less prevalent were psychosocial support and facilitating decision making. The most common ethical challenge was testing prenatally for HD which also results in presymptomatic testing of minors. Participants were divided about how directive to be in response to this ethical issue and about termination of a gene positive pregnancy. 相似文献