Sex,sex role,and psychomotor reminiscence

Effects of sex and sex role on psychomotor reminiscence and task proficiency were investigated in samples of masculine males, masculine females, feminine males, and feminine females, as defined by the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Sex contributed significantly to the variance of reminiscence and to the slopes of prerest practice gains, as others have found. Sex role contributed virtually nothing to the variance of reminiscence, but feminine subjects of both sexes reached generally higher levels of performance than masculine subjects. Sex and sex role effects were orthogonal at all points of comparison.     

Clergy wives of the new generation

This article describes the changes that are occurring in the lives of wives of ministers, the difficulties and satisfactions they are experiencing, the issues they are confronting. It presents the thesis that the crucial change in the past 15 years for wives of ministers is that they no longer derive their primary identity from being ministers' wives, and therefore they are less involved in their husbands' ministries and more focused on their own issues and careers.Dr. Niswander is a pastoral counselor and senior staff member of the Pastoral Psychotherapy Institute, 1580 N. Northwest Highway, Park Ridge, Illinois 60068. She has been the wife of a United Methodist minister for 27 years and was recently ordained by that denomination as an elder herself. She has led retreats, workshops and study groups for wives of ministers as well as counseling them professionally.     

Peripheral vision monitor: Presenting displays at known positions in the visual periphery

The peripheral vision monitor is an inexpensive device that ensures that visual stimuli can be successfully projected to a given extrafoveal location. The apparatus extinguishes the display lighting system when the observer attempts to view a region intended to be viewed only in peripheral vision, reinstating the illumination when that region is again in the peripheral field. This is achieved by focusing a small spot of light on the scleral-corneal boundary of the observer’s eye and detecting the reflected light with a photocell and circuit. Illumination changes produced at the photocell are used to trigger the display lighting.     

Verification of Statements about Story Worlds That Deviate from Normal Conceptions of Time: What Is True aboutEinstein''s Dreams?

College students read chapters from a novel written by Alan Lightman (Einstein's Dreams) and later provided verification judgments on the truth/falsity of test statements. Each chapter described a different fictional village that incorporated assumptions about time that deviate from our normal TIME schema, e.g., citizens knowing exactly when the world will end, time flowing backward instead of forward. These novel assumptions about time provided interesting insights about life and reality. In two experiments, we examined whether readers could accurately incorporate these novel assumptions about time in the fictional story worlds, as manifested in the verification judgments for statements after story comprehension. The test statements included verbatim typical, verbatim atypical, inference typical, and inference atypical information from the perspective of mundane reality that meshes with a normal TIME schema. Verification ratings were collected on a 6-point scale in Experiment 1, whereas Experiment 2 used a signal–response technique in which binary true/false decisions were extracted at −.5, 1.5, 3.5, 5.5, and 10.0 s. The college students were measured on literary expertise, reading skill, working memory span, and reading time. Readers with comparatively high literary expertise showed truth discrimination scores that were compatible with aschema copy plus tagmodel, which assumes that readers are good at detecting and remembering atypical verbatim information; this model predicts better (and faster) truth discrimination for verbatim atypical statements than for verbatim typical statements. In contrast, fast readers with comparatively low literary expertise were compatible with afilteringmodel; this model predicts that readers gloss over (or suppress) atypical verbatim information and show advantages for verbatim typical information. All groups of readers had trouble inferentially propagating the novel assumptions about time in a fictional story world, but the slower readers were more accurate in their verification of the atypical inferences. Aconstruction–integrationmodel could explain the interactions among literary expertise, reading time, and the typicality of test statements.     

Amnesia induced by 2-deoxygalactose in the day-old chick: lateralization of effects in two different one-trial learning tasks

2-Deoxy-D-galactose, an inhibitor of brain glycoprotein fucosylation, was injected intracranially (10 mumole dose in 10 microliters) into either the left or the right forebrain hemisphere of day-old chicks (Gallus domesticus). Bilateral injection of this dose of 2-deoxy-D-galactose is known to induce amnesia for several learning tasks including one-trial passive avoidance and sickness-induced learning. When a tritiated form of the drug was injected into one forebrain hemisphere only, a significantly large proportion of the dose remained in that hemisphere. Chicks were trained in two different one-trial learning tasks. The first was a passive avoidance task in which the chicks were allowed to peck at a green training stimulus (a small light-emitting diode, LED) coated in the bitter liquid, methylanthranilate, giving rise to a strong disgust response and consequent avoidance of the green stimulus. In the second paradigm the chicks were allowed to peck at a similarly colored dry stimulus but, 30 min later, were injected intraperitoneally with lithium chloride (0.1 ml of 1 M solution), causing a sickness-induced aversion for the green LED. 2-Deoxy-D-galactose caused amnesia for the passive avoidance task when injected before training into the right hemisphere but not the left. However, unilateral injection of the drug before training on the sickness-induced learning task did not cause amnesia. The results indicate that fucosylation of brain glycoproteins is required in the right hemisphere for learning the passive avoidance task but that memory for sickness-induced learning can be retained by either hemisphere.     

Women's Dress Fashions as a Function of Reproductive Strategy

Despite many speculations, there is no well-supported explanation for cycles of fashion in.women's dress and scholars cannot agree whether fashions reflect societal changes. Generalizing from cycles of bodily attractiveness for women, it was hypothesized that dress styles are reflective of reproductive economics. Using data from three studies of dress fashion extending from 1885-1976, the prediction was tested thatshortskirts (signaling sexual accessibility) would be correlated with low sex ratios (indicating limited marital opportunity for women), with increased economic opportunities for women and with marital instability. Predictions for narrowwaists and low necklines (which signal reproductive value) were opposite. These predictions received strong support indicating that dress styles, like standards of bodily attractiveness may be partly determined by marital economics.