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11.
Yoshihisa Kashima Emiko Kashima Chi‐Yue Chiu Thomas Farsides Michele Gelfand Ying‐Yi Hong Uichol Kim Fritz Strack Lioba Werth Masaki Yuki Vincent Yzerbyt 《European journal of social psychology》2005,35(2):147-169
Are human individuals universally seen to be more real entities (or more entitative, to use Campbell's, 1958, term) than social groups? Although the individual may be seen to be more entitative than social groups in the West, it is unclear whether this is the case in other cultures, especially in East Asia. Two aspects of perceived entitativity are distinguished: psychological essentialism (belief in the presence of essence‐like unchangeable properties) and agency (perception that a social entity is an agent), and examined for four social targets (individual, family, friendship group, and society) in three English‐speaking cultures (Australia, UK, and USA), three East Asian cultures (Hong Kong, Japan, and Korea), and two continental European cultures (Belgium and Germany). In all cultures, the individual person was seen to possess essence‐like unchangeable characteristics more than social groups (i.e. essentialized). As for agency, the individual person was seen to be more agentic than groups in Western cultures, but both individuals and groups were conferred an equal level of agency in East Asia. Individuals may be universally more essentialized than friendship groups and societies, but not always seen to be more agentic, than social groups. Implications of the results for conceptions of individualism and collectivism are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The present studies addressed the need for a comprehensive, economical, and psychometrically adequate measure of existential
meaning. In Study 1, principal-axis factor analysis of participants’ responses to popular meaning measures identified five
latent constructs underlying them, labelled purposeful life, principled life, valued life, exciting life, and accomplished
life. These dimensions resonate with the meaning in life concept as understood by Frankl (1963. Man’s search for meaning. (Revised Ed.) London: Hodder & Stoughton) and the panoply of subsequent theoretical definitions (e.g. Battista and Almond.
(1973). Psychiatry, 36, 409–427; 2000. Exploring existential meaning: Optimising human development across the life span (pp. 39–55). USA: Sage; 1998. The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications (pp. 11–140). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum). Study 2 used these results as a foundation for developing a psychometrically satisfactory
self-report questionnaire of each of these aspects of meaning in life. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) validated a five-factor
structure, with each factor loading on a common second-order factor. Study 3 provided evidence for this new measure’s convergent
validity and economic property. The final Meaningful Life Measure is reported and provides comprehensive but differentiated
measurement of the meaning in life construct. 相似文献
13.
Levels of problem behavior were assessed when 4 students with severe disabilities received instruction on preferred versus nonpreferred tasks and when tasks of each type were chosen by the teacher rather than by the student. In Phase 1, interview and direct observation assessments were conducted to identify relative preferences for academic tasks. In Phase 2, the effects of these lower preference and higher preference tasks on the rate of problem behavior were evaluated using a multielement design. The results showed that lower preference tasks were associated with higher rates of problem behaviors and that students, when given a choice, consistently selected the tasks that had been identified through interview and direct observation as higher preference. In Phase 3, we assessed whether allowing the students to choose between pairs of lower preference tasks or between pairs of higher preference tasks reduced problem behavior relative to a condition in which the teacher selected the same tasks. For 2 of 4 students, the rates of problem behavior were lower when students (rather than the teacher) selected the lower preference activity. Higher preference tasks for 3 students were associated with relatively low rates of problem behavior regardless of whether the student or the teacher selected the task. 相似文献
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15.
Wayne Chappelle Kent McDonald Lillian Prince Tanya Goodman Bobbie N. Ray-Sannerud William Thompson 《Military psychology》2013,25(5-6):376-385
This study investigates the self-reported levels of occupational burnout among 1,094 U.S. Air Force drone operators stationed within the borders of the United States who are supporting a wide range of around-the-clock military surveillance and weapons strike missions across the globe. Data were gathered from a Web-based survey of demographic items and the Maslach Burnout Inventory assessing the facets of occupational burnout (exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy). The overall survey response rate was 49%. Approximately 20% reported high levels of exhaustion, and 11% reported high levels of cynicism, but only 3% reported low levels of professional efficacy. Predictors of exhaustion, as well as between group differences, were identified along with recommendations for performance improvement and mitigating risks to safety. 相似文献
16.
Bobbie Yow 《Psychological Perspectives》2013,56(1):167-171
Women Who Run With the Wolves: Myths and Stories About the Wild Woman Archetype by Clarissa Pinkola Estés from the Jungian Storyteller Series The Radiant Coat: Myths and Stories About the Crossing Between Life and Death by Clarissa Pinkola Estés from the Jungian Storyteller Series Journey Into Creativity: Myths and Stories About the Creative Fire by Clarissa Pinkola Estés From the Jungian Storyteller Series The Boy Who Married An Eagle: Myths and Stories About Male Individuation by Clarissa Pinkola Estés from the Jungian Storyteller Series Wanning the Stone Child: Myths and Stories About Abandonment and the Unmothered Child by Clarissa Pinkola Estés from the Jungian Storyteller Series 相似文献
17.
Bobbie Yow 《Psychological Perspectives》2013,56(1):107-115
Abstract Individuation: One woman's journey Transference-countertransference Deep water and dreams 相似文献
18.
Bobbie Yow 《Psychological Perspectives》2013,56(1):146-147
Abstract This new vision of mind-body healing continues The Eternal Quest, which introduced this issue of Psychological Perspectives. In this survey of quotations we will trace the rise of current ideas about the role of our hourly (ultradian) and daily (circadian) rhythms of activity and rest, creativity and depression, rejuvenation and illness. These quotations suggest that we are in an exciting period of convergence in which the traditional practices of yoga, meditation, and psychotherapy are intersecting current research at the molecular-genetic level. We will end this survey with some suggestions about the practical application of this new “Yoga of the West.” 相似文献
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The doctor's use of deception in appropriate circumstances has commonly been considered a necessity of the medical art. Resistance to full and frank communication is typical of many traditionally Catholic countries, and particularly of Italy, a western country where Catholicism remains particularly influential. The Catholic teaching on truth and lies, and the problem of telling the truth to a severely ill patient is discussed. It is suggested that the contemporary Catholic model of gradually telling a terminal patient the truth, which looks reasonable and feasible in theory, is rarely followed in practice, as in the majority of cases the truth is not told tout court. Problems stem from the way in which medicine is currently practiced in Italy; from the synergism between Catholicism and the medical tradition's grounded paternalism; and from the ambiguity of the term 'hope'. Catholic ethics in fact recommends that the truth must be told without destroying hope, but the Catholic meaning of 'hope' is very different from its meaning in current language. 相似文献
20.
Bobbie Crew Nelms 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1989,17(6):657-668
Empathy, emotional responsiveness, depression, aggression, and self-concept in 80 chronically ill and 40 well schoolage children (9–11 years) were examined in a quasiexperimental study. The ill children had either diabetes or asthma. Results suggested a similarity of emotional functioning for empathy, emotional responsiveness, and depression in the ill children. The ill children had significantly higher levels of these behaviors than the well children. The groups of ill children did not significantly differ from each other in these areas. The diabetic and asthmatic children significantly differed in aggression and self-concept. The diabetic children, however, did not differ from the well children in self-concept. The asthmatic children had the lowest self-reported aggression while the diabetic children had the highest. Neither ill group differed from the well children in aggression. 相似文献