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161.
Ingrid Mulder Gabriele Lenzini Mortaza S. Bargh Bob Hulsebosch 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(3):820-826
This article discusses the challenges for methodological innovation on the basis of experiences in an experimental Living
Lab setting: a context-aware Coffee Corner in a research institute. A context-aware infrastructure collects sensory information
on users while they move and interact. People getting coffee can use a variety of services offered in the intelligent environment
at the Coffee Corner’s site; for example, a colleague-radar application allows users to see the current positions of their
colleagues in the building. At the same time, it identifies and authenticates users using proximity-aware and context-aware
security features. Apart from proximity and context awareness, the analysis of contextual data allows the construction of
a behavioral model of users that can be used to customize the services offered at the Coffee Corner. We explain how the Living
Lab allows us to measure behavior in context in an unobtrusive and trustworthy way (e.g., by respecting a user’s right to
privacy). 相似文献
162.
Children at about age 18 months experience acceleration in word learning. This vocabulary explosion is a robust phenomenon, although the exact shape and timing vary from child to child. One class of explanations, which we term collectively as leveraged learning , posits that knowledge of some words helps with the learning of others. In this framework, the child initially knows no words and so learning is slow. As more words are acquired, new words become easier and thus it is the acquisition of early words that fuels the explosion in learning. In this paper we examine the role of leveraged learning in the vocabulary spurt by proposing a simple model of leveraged learning. Our results show that leverage can change both the shape and timing of the acceleration, but that it cannot create acceleration if it did not exist in the corresponding model without leveraging. This model is then applied to the Zipfian distribution of word frequencies, which confirm that leveraging does not create acceleration, but that the relationship between frequency and the difficulty of learning a word may be complex. 相似文献
163.
ABSTRACT— There is consensus that when emotions are aroused, the displays of those emotions are either universal or culture-specific. We investigated the idea that an individual's emotional displays in a given context can be both universal and culturally variable, as they change over time. We examined the emotional displays of Olympic athletes across time, classified their expressive styles, and tested the association between those styles and a number of characteristics associated with the countries the athletes represented. Athletes from relatively urban, individualistic cultures expressed their emotions more, whereas athletes from less urban, collectivistic cultures masked their emotions more. These culturally influenced expressions occurred within a few seconds after initial, immediate, and universal emotional displays. Thus, universal and culture-specific emotional displays can unfold across time in an individual in a single context. 相似文献
164.
Mark Pope Edward A. Wierzalis Bob Barret Michael Rankins 《Adultspan: Theory Research & Practice》2007,6(2):68-82
The authors focus on the special issues involved in providing counseling to aging gay men regarding sex and intimacy. Although the stresses of aging experienced by gay men are similar to those of heterosexual men, older gay men face issues of a stigmatized sexual orientation, invisibility, negative stereotypes, and discrimination regarding aging. 相似文献
165.
Clients (N = 151) completed the Schwartz Outcome Scale (SOS‐10; M. A. Blais et al., 1999) and the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory‐3 (F. G. Miller & L. E. Lazowski, 1999). The results show a negative relationship between substance use symptoms and SOS‐10 scores and a positive relationship between defensiveness and SOS‐10 scores. 相似文献
166.
Bob Plant 《Philosophical Investigations》2004,27(3):222-257
In Culture and Value Wittgenstein remarks: ‘Thoughts that are at peace. That's what someone who philosophizes yearns for’. The desire for such conceptual tranquillity is a recurrent theme in Wittgenstein's work, and especially in his later ‘grammatical‐therapeutic’ philosophy. Some commentators (notably Rush Rhees and C. G. Luckhardt) have cautioned that emphasising this facet of Wittgenstein's work ‘trivialises’ philosophy – something which is at odds with Wittgenstein's own philosophical ‘seriousness’ (in particular his insistence that philosophy demands that one ‘Go the bloody hard way’). Drawing on a number of correlations between Wittgenstein's conception of philosophy and that of the Pyrrhonian Sceptics, in this paper I defend a strong ‘therapeutic’ reading of Wittgenstein, and show how this can be maintained without ‘trivialising’ philosophy. 相似文献
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168.
Lewis A. Bizo Bob Remington Lorraine S. DSouza Samantha K. Heighway Clara Baston 《Learning and motivation》2002,33(4):411-432
The generality of the mathematical principles of reinforcement (MPR) was tested with humans. In Experiment 1A, participants’ mouse clicks were reinforced according to a series of variable-ratio (VR) values. In one condition, a situated task was used (searching for treasure on a map presented via a PC monitor); in the other, abstract version of the task, participants clicked on a white screen. Under the “map” condition, response rates increased with increasing ratio value before decreasing with further ratio increases; under the “no-map” condition, response rates decreased linearly from a peak at the smallest ratio. In Experiment 1B, the pattern of responding was confirmed under the “map” conditions using a different set of ratio values. In Experiment 2, reinforcer magnitude was manipulated using the “map” context. Response rates did not differ significantly when large rather than small cash reinforcers were delivered according to a VR 30 but were significantly higher when large rather than small cash reinforcers were delivered according to a VR 120. Together these experiments offer qualified support for extending MPR to the behavior of human participants. 相似文献
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170.