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121.
Cecilia Forcato María L.C. Rodríguez María E. Pedreira Héctor Maldonado 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2010,93(1):77-84
A consolidated memory recalled by a reminder enters a vulnerability phase (labilization), followed by a process of stabilization (reconsolidation). Several authors have suggested that the labilization of the consolidated memory makes the incorporation of new information possible. Here, we demonstrate updating in the framework of memory declarative reconsolidation in humans by giving an opportune verbal instruction. Volunteers learn an association between five cue-syllables (L1) and their respective response-syllables. Twenty-four hours later, the paired-associate verbal memory is labilized by exposing the subjects to the reminder, and then they receive the verbal Instruction of adding three new cue-response syllables (INFO) with their respective responses to the former list of five. The new information is incorporated into the single former L1-memory and both INFO and L1 are successfully retrieved on the third day. However, when the Instruction is not preceded by a proper reminder, or when the instruction omits the order of adding the INFO into the former L1-memory, we observed interference in retrieval of both the original and the new information, suggesting that they are encoded independently and coexist as separate memories. 相似文献
122.
The aim of this essay has been the evaluation of three orientations towards happiness: pleasure, meaning and engagement, as well as their relation to life satisfaction and the perception of happiness in a sample of 320 university students. The results show that the most used kind of orientation towards happiness is pleasure, followed by meaning, and finally engagement. It has also been found that pleasure is the orientation most closely associated to happiness while engagement seems to be more related to life satisfaction. These findings aim to the distinction between the concepts of happiness and life satisfaction and lead the attention to the actions which can improve the levels of happiness. 相似文献
123.
This study evaluated improvement in self-efficacy and personal and social responsibility among at-risk of dropping-out of school adolescents participating in a program in which Hellison's Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility Model was applied in physical education classes during the course of an academic year. Thirty at-risk adolescents aged 13-14 years old (23 boys, 7 girls) were assigned to an intervention group (12 boys and 3 girls) or a comparison group (11 boys, 4 girls), the latter of which did not participate in the program. Quantitative results showed a significant improvement in the students' self-efficacy for enlisting social resources and in self-efficacy for self-regulated learning. Qualitative results showed an improvement in responsibility behaviors of participants in the intervention group. This suggests that the model could be effective for improving psychological and social development in at-risk adolescents, and that physical education classes may be an appropriate arena for working with these young people. 相似文献
124.
This study evaluates the long-term efficacy of a brief psychotherapeutic cognitive-behavioral program in group format for female victims of violence by their intimate partner. 53 battered women were randomized into one of two intervention programs: one including among others exposure technique (n = 28) and another one in which exposure procedures were substituted by communication skills training (n = 25). Additionally, both programs included: psycho-education, breath control, training to improve self-esteem, cognitive restructuring, problem-solving, planning pleasant activities, and relapse prevention. The treatment was carried out in 8 weekly sessions. Measures of posttraumatic symptoms, anxiety, depression, self-esteem and anger expression were analyzed at pre- and post-treatment, and at 1-, 3-, 6- and 12-months follow-ups. Results show a pronounced decrease of posttraumatic, depressive and anxiety symptoms, which maintained in the different measure moments, with scarce difference between the two programs. The results and their clinical implications are discussed. 相似文献
125.
Pitarch MJ 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2010,13(2):981-989
The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale - Straightforward Items (BFNE-S) in a non-clinical Spanish population. Rodebaugh et al. (2004) recommend the use of this scale composed of 8 straightforwardly-worded items, instead of the 12-item version of the BFNE. The sample consisted of 542 undergraduate students, 71.3% of whom were women and 28.7% were men; the mean age was 21.71 (4.78) years. Exploratory factor analysis produced one factor which accounted for 51.28% of variance. The internal consistency of the scale was alpha = .89. The BFNE-S correlated with the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (r = .44), the Personal Report of Confidence as Speaker Modified (r = .44), the Public Speaking Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (r = -.38) and both subscales of the Self-Statements during Public Speaking (SSPS-P r = -.22; SSPS-N r = .53). ANOVAs revealed significant differences in the BFNE-S amongst a non-clinical population, persons suffering from specific social phobia, non-generalized social phobia and generalized social phobia. 相似文献
126.
Maria del Mar Salinas-Jiménez Joaquín Artés Javier Salinas-Jiménez 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2010,11(6):779-793
This paper focuses on how different types of motivations can condition satisfaction with life, studying whether individual
heterogeneity in motivations affects the relationship between income and life satisfaction and whether the relationship between
motivation and satisfaction differs for people in different income-groups. Data used in this study comes from the World Values
Survey and the focus is placed on the relationship between income, motivation and satisfaction with life. Once variables such
as gender, age, religion, health or education are controlled for, we find that different motivations significantly affect
individual wellbeing. Moreover, our results suggest that moving from extrinsic to intrinsic motivation leads individuals to
enjoy greater satisfaction with life. This is so independent of the level of income, but the role of intrinsic motivation
is particularly significant for people in the low-income class. Life satisfaction also increases, within extrinsic motivation,
when moving from importance placed on a good income to focusing on security and, within intrinsic motivation, when moving
from emphasis placed on social relatedness to an increased feeling of accomplishment. Overall, our results suggest that different
goals and intended outcomes condition individual’s perceptions of wellbeing, with intrinsic motivations being crucial in attaining
greater levels of satisfaction with life. 相似文献
127.
Verb bias, or the tendency of a verb to appear with a certain type of complement, has been employed in psycholinguistic literature
as a tool to test competing models of sentence processing. To date, the vast majority of sentence processing research involving
verb bias has been conducted almost exclusively with monolingual speakers, and predominantly with monolingual English speakers,
despite the fact that most of the world’s population is bilingual. To test the generality of competing theories of sentence
comprehension, it is important to conduct cross-linguistic studies of sentence processing and to add bilingual data to theories
of sentence comprehension. Given this, it is critical for the field to develop verb bias estimates from monolingual speakers
of languages other than English and from bilingual populations. We begin to address these issues in two norming studies. Study
1 provides verb bias norming data for 135 Spanish verbs. A second aim of Study 1 was to determine whether verb bias estimates
remain stable over time. In Study 2, we asked whether Spanish—English speakers are able to learn verb-specific information,
such as verb bias, in their second language. The answer to this question is critical to conducting studies that examine when,
during the course of sentence comprehension, bilingual speakers exploit verb information specific to the second language.
To facilitate cross-linguistic work, we compared our verb bias results with those provided by monolingual English speakers
in a previous norming study conducted by Garnsey, Lotocky, Pearlmutter, and Myers (1997). Our Spanish data demonstrated that
individual verbs showed significant similarities in their verb bias across the 3 years of data collection. We also show that
bilinguals are able to learn the biases of verbs in their second language, even when immersed in the first language environment.
Appendixes A–C, containing the bilingual norms discussed in the article, may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
128.
The present study explores whether endogenous attention can modulate body perception. A modified version of the Posner paradigm was used to direct participants' attention toward the appearance of distinct body images, which differed only in detailed idiosyncratic features: one's own and another person's hands. Hand stimuli were preceded by symbolic cues that predicted their identity with high probability, which made it possible to compare the processing of expected (valid) and unexpected (invalid) targets. Results revealed that endogenous attention influenced the processing of participants' own hands by speeding participants' responses to valid in contrast to invalid trials. Crucially, no validity effect was found for the hands of another person. These findings cannot be explained in terms of perceptual familiarity, since an optimization of the processing for both familiar and unfamiliar faces by symbolic cues was observed. In light of these results, it is suggested that participants are able to anticipate particular stimuli within the same perceptual category as long as these stimuli appear to be remarkably distinct to them, which is probably the case for particular faces and their own bodies, in contrast to other people's bodies. 相似文献
129.
Cooper S Marí-Beffa P 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(5):1198-1211
When switching between tasks, participants are sometimes required to use different response sets for each task. Thus, task switch and response set switch are confounded. In 5 experiments, the authors examined transitions of response within a linear 4-finger arrangement. A random baseline condition was compared with the cuing of specific response subsets grouped by hand or by finger equivalence, and these subsets were examined in both single task and task-switching designs. Results showed that part of the task switch cost is associated with switching between response sets. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a novel effect: When task switching and repetition trials are mixed, a bias towards switching the response and/or hand is found in task repetition trials. Response repetition is hindered when a task switch is expected, even for those trials when a switch of task does not occur. The results demonstrate executive processes involved in task set configuration closely depend on the motoric processing of the response set. The results are also important for current theories of task set control. 相似文献
130.
Sánchez Rodríguez SM Peláez del Hierro F Fidalgo de las Heras AM Morcillo Pimentel A Caperos Montalbán JM 《Psicothema》2008,20(4):825-829
In the cooperative breeding system of cotton-top tamarin (TCB; Saguinus oedipus) males gain weight during the last months of pregnancy of their partners as a way to cope with energy costs of reproduction. This phenomenon was described only in humans as a symptom of . As after infants' birth, TCB male and female helpers lose weight, the same as fathers do, it might be expected that previously, they also gain weight. In 8 groups of TCB, we explored body weight changes of the three categories of individuals, in periods of six months, under three different reproductive conditions: control (no pregnancy and without offspring), pregnancy (pregnancy and without offspring), and raising (with offspring). We found that across pregnancy, TCBs increase their weight in the last trimester of that period while across breeding TCBs reduce their weight in the first trimester. Expectant males and also helpers could be preparing during pregnancy in relation to the weight losses they experience when raising their young. 相似文献