Norms for 439 action events: Familiarity,emotionality, motor activity,and memorability

A total of 128 male and female university students having Swedish as their mother tongue rated 439 actions on a 7-point scale in the dimensions of Familiarity, Emotionality, Motor Activity, and Memorability under instructions to imagine themselves performing each action (e.g., “to roll a ball”, “to break a match”). Overall mean ratings were higher for women than for men in all four dimensions. High reliabilities were obtained in each scale. Intercorrelations between the dimensions were low to moderate, indicating that different characteristics of the actions were assessed. It is demonstrated that the ratings of the four dimensions are in agreement with previous categorisations of actions along the same or similar dimensions and with findings related to memory performance. Furthermore, control studies performed on the Familiarity dimension show that norm values are highly correlated with ratings given by participants in standard enacting and nonenacting conditions and with ratings in a condition where objects were present. These norms offer possibilities to control for and vary item characteristics of importance in the study of actions and the memory of actions.     

条件反射性免疫调节的动物研究

心理神经免疫学是一个新兴的跨学科研究领域,其研究内容涉及许多方面。其中条件反射性免疫调节是心理神经免疫学研究中最引人注目的研究领域。本文着重介绍了有关条件反射性免疫药理学效应及抗原作为非条件刺激所致的条件反射性的免疫效应的基本的实验设计和研究方法,讨论了对其实验结果的不同解释,对条件反射性免疫效应方向的预测及所包含的学习过程也进行了一定的分析。     

Practice and some methodological problems in unidimensional information transmission

Fifty circular lights differir.g in diameter from 4 to 53 cm and increasing by 1 cm were presented 135 times each to five Ss who were asked to identify each circle. Presentations were in random order. Indices of information transmission (T), response equivocation H S(R), and response uncertainty H(R) were calculated for different phases of the experiment for individual and pooled (across Ss) responses. Results have shown systematic rising of transmission and lowering of H S(R), while H(R) remained almost constant. All transmission indices calculated from pooled responses were systematically lower than comparable indices calculated from individual responses. Individual and pooled T values calculated from all responses given during the experiment were not representative for the level of identification performance at the end of the experiment. Conclusions were reached that (1) channel capacity indices should not be calculated from all individual responses given during the experiment or from pooled responses of different Ss, and (2) indices of channel capacity should be calculated only after the performance of Ss has reached a final and stable level, which means after enough repetitions of each stimulus.     

Test of a psychological cost-benefit model for career choice

A psychological cost-benefit model for career choice was applied to the choice situation after high school graduation. Especially tested were the construct validity and predictive validity of the components of the model. Psychological cost, benefit, and profit scales, with regard to continued education, were constructed on the basis of questionnaire data from 421 high school seniors. The analyses showed a clear, positive relationship between psychological benefit-profit and level of aspiration with regard to continued education. This outcome was regarded as an indication of construct validity for the components of the model. Moreover, groups differing as to post high school choice differed markedly, and in the expected direction, as to psychological cost-benefit-profit. Thus, the model showed high predictive validity with respect to post high school choice, which was also supported by a probability analysis. The results were, in general, more pronounced for boys than for girls.     

Similar situations—Similar behaviors?: A study of the intraindividual congruence between situation perception and situation reactions

A basic assumption in an interactional model of behavior is that individual behavior is more similar across situations which are perceived and interpreted as similar by the individual than across situations which are perceived as less similar or not similar at all. This proposition was investigated using a psychophysical scaling method for the study of perceived similarity between situations and measures of similarity between reaction profiles as expressions of cross-situational similarity in reactions. Individual data from 39 adolescents were analyzed. Hypothetical anxiety-evoking situations, and self-reported anxiety reactions, were used. The overall outcome of the comparison was in the predicted direction. For about 77% of the subjects the relationship was in the expected direction and for about 40% the relationship was statistically significant.     

Measures of kearnels of reducibility axioms and singlets

The present paper is a generalization and further development of the theory of Kernel measures of reducibility axioms formulated in [1], [2], [3] in. the years 1969–1973. In this paper logical connections of Kernel measures with some set-theoretical notions are studied and some suggestions related to these connections are formulated.     

Psychological autopsies: methods and ethics

Essential knowledge on suicide is derived from studies that include interviews with survivors. In this paper, we discuss methodological and ethical issues pertaining to the interview method known as "psychological autopsy"; the discussion is based on our application of the method to three studies of suicides in Sweden and on a review of other investigations. Interviewing a survivor is a delicate matter, and the integrity of the deceased, the integrity and health of the informant, and the psychological strain on the interviewer must all be taken into consideration. The interviewer should have clinical experience in order to be prepared to deal with interviewees in grief. Contact by telephone, followed by an introductory letter, provides an opportunity to meet survivors in an empathic manner and has a low rejection rate. A 2- to 6-month interval between suicide and interview is recommended. The survivor's reactions to the interview should be evaluated in order to expand the empirical base for ethical considerations. Studies on the validity and reliability of the method are necessary.     

冷酷无情特质：一种易于暴力犯罪的人格倾向

冷酷无情特质(callous unemotional trait, CU)是指对他人冷漠、缺乏罪责感、低共情的一种人格倾向, 伴随有高频率和高破坏性的反社会行为甚至暴力犯罪。CU特质者在情感上表现为对负性情绪加工不敏感, 缺乏共情; 在认知上表现出追求奖赏、忽视惩罚; 在生物学方面, CU特质者生理唤醒水平低、皮质醇水平低、杏仁核和腹内侧前额叶活动异常。未来研究的方向是修订发展本土化CU特质量表、探析CU特质者的性别差异、梳理CU与品行障碍等其他精神障碍的关系、为暴力犯循证矫正的方案设计提供科学依据。     

国外关于进化心理学的研究

进化心理学是近年在西方心理学中出现的一种新的研究取向,目前仍没有一个明确的概念和系统的理论。其基本主张是：过去是理解心理机制的关键;功能分析是理解心理机制的主要途径;心理机制是在解决问题的过程中演化形成的模块性是心理机制整体组织的特性;人的行为是心理机制和环境互动作用的结果。进化心理学从诞生之日起,就引起了各种各样的争议,赞成者认为：①心理学会成为更多的达尔文主义的理论建构;②进化心理学将使心理学走向统一;③进化心理学向传统社会科学提出了挑战。反对者认为：①进化心理学是一种不成熟的科学;②进化心理学是一种貌似科学的研究取向。