决策中社会价值取向的理论与测评方法

传统经济学决策理论强调利己性假设, 认为个体是理性的并由个人利益所驱动的。但是, 个体在相依情境中的社会动机要比利己性假设更为复杂, 具有较大的个体差异。社会价值取向是指个体在相依情境中对自己收益和他人收益分配的特定偏好, 是一个用来描述个体对他人利益关注程度的个体差异的概念。本文回顾了测量社会价值取向的三优势测量、环形测验和滑块测验等方法, 强调了不同测评方法的优点与不足, 并简要总结了决策、社会认知、共情、亲社会行为等领域内相关的社会价值取向研究。未来的研究则需要探索社会价值取向与不同社会因素的交互作用, 以及不同社会价值取向个体的神经机制等方面的研究。     

The effect of motivation and positive affect on ego depletion: Replenishment versus release mechanism

In this study, 2 experiments were conducted to investigate whether motivation and positive affect can alleviate ego depletion and to elucidate their possible mechanisms. In Experiment 1, a crossing‐out‐letter task was adapted to reach an ego depletion state for Chinese participants. Participants were then randomly assigned to the extrinsic motivation group, the positive affect group or the depletion control group. After the experimental treatment, a dumbbell task was used to measure participants' remaining self‐regulatory resources. The results showed that participants in the motivation and positive affect groups performed better on the dumbbell task than participants in the depletion control group. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 except that participants were asked to perform an additional unexpected dumbbell task after a neutral video following the above procedure. The results of Experiment 1 were replicated; however, participants' performance on the additional dumbbell task differed. The positive affect group performed better than the depletion control group, indicating an increase in self‐regulatory resources and thus supporting the replenishment effect of positive affect. No significant difference was found between the motivation group and the depletion control group.     

Threshold Theory Tested in an Organizational Setting: The Relation Between Perceived Innovativeness and Intelligence in a Large Sample of Leaders

A large sample of leaders (N = 4257) was used to test the link between leader innovativeness and intelligence. The threshold theory of the link between creativity and intelligence assumes that below a certain IQ level (approximately IQ 120), there is some correlation between IQ and creative potential, but above this cutoff point, there is no correlation. Support for the threshold theory of creativity was found, in that the correlation between IQ and innovativeness was positive and significant below a cutoff point of IQ 120. Above the cutoff, no significant relation was identified, and the two correlations differed significantly. The finding was stable across distinct parts of the sample, providing support for the theory, although the correlations in all subsamples were small. The findings lend support to the existence of threshold effects using perceptual measures of behavior in real-world organizational settings, and thus beyond creative potential measures applied in the psychological laboratory where it has previously been documented.     

正念是什么——从正念内涵研究发展角度的思考

"正念是什么"是正念研究中的基本问题,也是长期困扰研究者的难题,造成此困境的重要原因是正念跨越了佛学与心理学两种语境。在正念内涵研究历程中,研究者们先后试图以"去神秘化"、"去语境化"及"整合化"来解决跨语境所造成的问题。本研究认为:正念为多维概念,其内涵的复杂性决定了研究者对正念的认识并非静态的判断,而是逐步成熟的过程;应深入整合佛学与心理学语境,以发展的视角看待正念。     

Motivated self and recall: visual perspectives in remembering past behaviors

The present study examined motivational influences on visual perspectives in remembering past events and behaviors. Participants were first induced to believe that extraversion or introversion is conducive of success. Next, they recalled in details two introverted past behaviors. Introversion‐success participants, presumably motivated to see themselves as introverted, recalled and visualized the behaviors more from a first‐person actor perspective than did extraversion‐success participants (who recalled the behaviors from a third‐person observer perspective). Remembering past behaviors from a first‐person actor perspective implies that the behaviors are true of the self and impacts self‐definition to a relatively greater degree. The findings thus extend the influence of desired self to how people remember past events. They also contribute to the integration of motives in research on the link between self‐inferences and the subjective experience of remembering. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

工作记忆和句法复杂性对汉语判断单句的影响

采用自控步速移动窗口技术,研究了言语工作记忆与句法复杂性对汉语判断单句加工的影响.实验结果表明:汉语判断单句语义提取和命题表征受句法复杂性和言语工作记忆容量的影响;加工模式上,结构相同但句法难度不同的判断单句存在相同的语义焦点;句子-图片验证过程中,高容量者受句法难度、语义失配影响较小,验证时间显著短于低容量者.     

深入地思考，做出原创性贡献——威廉姆森教授访谈录

这是本文作者在英国牛津大学做访问学者期间对蒂摩西·威廉姆森（Timothy Williamson）所做的访谈录,后者是牛津大学威克汉姆逻辑学教授,英国科学院院士,美国文理科学院外籍荣誉院士。访谈首先从威廉姆森的学术背景和学术经历开始,然后主要围绕他的四本书《同一和分辨》（1990）、《模糊性》（1994）、《知识及其限度》（2000）和《哲学的哲学》（2007）展开问答与对话。在《模糊性》一书中,威廉姆森提出了一种初看起米十分反直观的观点：从本体论上说,像“秃头”、“谷堆”这样的模糊事物,本来有确切分明的界限,只是我们不知道那些界限在哪里而已!也就是说,模糊性源自于我们对事物的本体论状况的无知。这种观点被叫做关丁模糊性的“认知主义”。在《知识及其限度》一书中,他一反西方哲学中根据“信念”、“真”、“证成”（justification）等等来分析“知识”概念的传统,提出了一个著名的口号：“知识是第一位的”,应该根据“知识”去分析“信念”、“断定”、“保证”（warrant）等概念,而不是相反。在其新著《哲学的哲学》（2007）中,他指出,上个世纪两方哲学中所发生的“语言转向”和“概念转向”是错误的,哲学并不只是研究语词和概念,后两者具有关涉性（aboutness）,它们是关于、指涉这个世界的;哲学也是人类理解这个世界的整体理智努力的一部分,在题材、目标、方法论、评价标准诸方面与其他科学没有实质性差别,哲学例外论是错误的。访谈还涉及对戴维森、克里普克工作的评价,以及对一组形而上学概念,如“to be”、“to exist”、“being（s）”、“existence”、“reality”和“actuality”等等的理解,对年轻一代哲学工作者的建议,以及威廉姆森在近些年打算做的厂作,等等。读者?     

卦爻辞的弹性——以《易传》的解释为中心

从某个角度来看,经典解释就是一个把新意义注入旧经典的过程.在这个意义注入的过程中,原经典的每一个要素,尤其是重要的要素当然会承担必要的功能.就<周易>而言,如果着眼于内容,主要包括象和辞两个部分.相应地,它们也就成为解释活动的中心.     

加强情商培养 构建急诊和谐的医患关系

急诊科是医院救治急、危、重患者的第一线,也是医患冲突高发的科室,因此善于沟通和交流的高情商成为急诊科医生的必备品质之一;本文从情绪调控、心理学、利益得失、人文素养、语言艺术等角度探讨了急诊科医生情商培养在构建和谐医患关系中的重要作用。