注意缺陷多动症与犯罪的关系及其司法启示

注意缺陷多动症(Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD) 是一种常见于儿童期的精神障碍, 也可能持续到青少年及成年阶段, 其症状表现为难于集中注意力、难于控制其行为及活动过度等, 这些缺陷可能会增加患者犯罪的几率。轻微脑功能障碍、自我调节学说、强化敏感性理论、相关人格特质等在一定程度上可解释ADHD与犯罪的关系。ADHD作用于犯罪存在三种不同的可能路径, 即独立作用、间接作用和无作用。文中特别指出ADHD患者在刑事司法过程中表现的特点及其司法启示。未来研究应从基因、神经心理机制及其与环境的交互作用上进一步探讨ADHD与犯罪的关系, 并提示在犯罪预防、审讯、法庭审判以及罪犯矫治中需要考量ADHD的可能影响。     

无意识信息加工中的“完型”——无意识捆绑假说的新证据

采用连续闪烁范式(Continuous Flash Suppression,CFS)考察了无意识状态下完型能否发生.研究通过2(线条完整性)×2(意义破坏)×2(熟悉性)的被试内实验设计考察了8种条件下图片的突破抑制时间(Suppression Time,ST).结果发现:线条完整和意义未破坏的图片能更快地克服噪音图片的抑制进入意识;熟悉性不影响突破抑制时间.重要的是,不完整的图片也可以出现意义破坏效应.这表明即使在被抑制的状态下,不完整图形的信息也能够传达至与完型相关的高级视觉区域形成客体表征.研究为无意识捆绑假说(The Unconscious Binding Hypothesis)提供了新的实验证据.     

创伤后应激障碍中的非适应性泛化现象

过度泛化现象是区分普通心理问题和严重心理问题的重要指标。创伤后应激障碍(posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD)患者在创伤事件后会出现非适应性的泛化。现有研究结果表明非适应性泛化(maladaptive generalization)可能是PTSD发生发展的一个重要因素, 但也有研究支持PTSD是导致了泛化从适应性向非适应性化转变的原因。虽然泛化现象的变化与PTSD症状的发展有相同趋势, 且具有共同的生理基础：记忆相关神经结构, 但二者之间的关系尚无明确定论。阐明PTSD与非适应性泛化之间的关系对PTSD的预测、诊断和治疗均有推进作用。     

Bistable perception in normal aging: perceptual reversibility and its relation to cognition

The effects of age on the ability to resolve perceptual ambiguity are unknown, though it depends on frontoparietal attentional networks known to change with age. We presented the bistable Necker cube to 24 middle-aged and OAs (older adults; 56–78 years) and 20 YAs (younger adults; 18–24 years) under passive-viewing and volitional control conditions: Hold one cube percept and Switch between cube percepts. During passive viewing, OAs had longer dominance durations (time spent on each percept) than YAs. In the Hold condition, OAs were less able than YAs to increase dominance durations. In the Switch condition, OAs and YAs did not differ in performance. Dominance durations in either condition correlated with performance on tests of executive function mediated by the frontal lobes. Eye movements (fixation deviations) did not differ between groups. These results suggest that OAs’ reduced ability to hold a percept may arise from reduced selective attention. The lack of correlation of performance between Hold and executive-function measures suggests at least a partial segregation of underlying mechanisms.     

Nordic Luther Research in Motion

Abstract : Luther research in the Nordic countries is characterised by both continuation and discussion of its own legacy. Finnish Luther studies have a prominent position here, but are by no means the only actors in Nordic Luther research. Giving an overview of Nordic Luther research in the last decade, the article selects four main topics that have been the focus of special attention: politics and ethics, Communicatio idiomatum and Luther's view on language, Luther as preacher, and Luther and the gift. The article concludes with some comments on the continuing role of creation theology, so strongly emphasised in last century's Scandinavian Luther research.     

由"宗经"至"宗骚"——刘师培与传统文论批评模式的现代转换

在传统文化向现代转型期,伴随着经学地位的衰落,传统文学批评模式也发生了新变。刘师培把西方的审美观念引入文学理论的研究,将传统“宗经”的批评模式转换为“宗骚”,这一变革深刻反映了转型期文论发展的趋势,呈现传统走向现代的轨迹。     

汉语中词长效应的初步实验研究

该文以回忆出一个词表的序列呈现顺序的正确率为指标考察汉语中的词长效应(Word-Length Effect)。实验材料为汉语中不同音节数目的词语。实验结果发现,在纯词表中,存在显著的词长效应。但是在混合词表中(包括长短词交替词表以及随机词表),词长效应会消失。研究结果支持词长效应的基于词表的解释,同时,项目的特异性也具有一定的作用。