自我欺骗:为了调节个体心理状态

本研究旨在探索自我欺骗的研究方法、产生的原因和认知机制,以及这一领域中有待解决的新问题。近期研究发现:基于自我欺骗产生的动机特点,主要存在三类不同的定义方式,大多数心理学家是基于第三类定义来研究自我欺骗。研究方法上,适用性较强的自欺问卷是自欺性提升量表(SDE),操作性较强的经典实验范式是点追踪任务。在认知过程的任一阶段中,调节心理状态是个体产生自我欺骗的直接动机,改变个体的心理状态或对事物的模糊感知可能阻止个体自我欺骗的产生。未来应从如何调节个体心理状态的角度探讨和研究自我欺骗,能够利用点追踪任务,结合ERPs或fMRI技术为之后研究自欺产生的具体阶段、认知机制以及神经机制提供实证研究基础。     

高阶项目反应模型的发展与应用

在测量具有层阶结构的潜质时, 标准项目反应模型对项目参数估计和能力参数估计都具有较低的效率, 多维项目反应模型虽然在估计第一阶潜质时具有高效性, 但没有考虑到潜质层阶的情况, 所以它不适合用来处理具有层阶结构的潜质; 而高阶项目反应模型在处理这种具有层阶结构的潜质时, 不仅能够高效准确地对项目参数和能力参数进行估计, 而且还能同时获得高阶潜质与低阶潜质。目前存在的高阶项目反应模型有高阶DINA模型、高阶双参数正态肩型层阶模型、高阶逻辑斯蒂模型、多级评分的高阶项目反应模型和高阶题组模型。未来对高阶项目反应模型的研究方向应注意多水平高阶项目反应模型、项目内多维情况下的高阶项目反应模型以及高阶认知诊断模型。     

Age and gender differences in negative affect—Is there a role for emotion regulation?

Elderly people report less negative affect than the young, and women report more negative affect than men. This study investigated whether age and gender differences in negative affect could be explained by emotion regulation, measured as defensiveness and rumination, while controlling for the influence of life events. One-hundred-and-ninety-five young (20–35 years) and 302 elderly (70–85 years) men and women completed the Emotional Control Questionnaire-Rehearsal, Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Profile of Mood States, Beck’s Depression Inventory and List of Recent Experiences. Hierarchical regressions with negative affects as dependent variables showed that age was reduced to non-significance when controlling for defensiveness, and gender was reduced to non-significance when controlling for the interaction between age and gender, which in turn was reduced when entering rumination. Life events also influenced the association between age and negative affect. The results indicate that age differences in negative affect are mediated by defensiveness and life events and that when these two influences are accounted for elderly people score higher on sadness. Gender differences in negative affect were due to the young women’s higher scores on negative affect and this is partly explained by rumination.     

民本思想在近代中国的演变及其特点

民本思想在近代中国经历了三个不同的历史演变阶段：鸦片战争到甲午战争前为民本思想体系开始动摇的阶段;戊戌维新时期为民本思想衰变阶段;辛亥革命时期为民本思想走向衰亡和政治生命终结阶段。其演变的特点有三：其一,民本思想演变始终与近代中国社会主要矛盾的发展变化相联系;其二,民主思想在近代中国的拓展,实际上也是民本思想理论体系逐渐崩溃解体、功能作用日益萎缩的过程;其三,民本思想的演变总是与统治阶级及先进中国人的理想与信念、理论与实践相联系。     

信息技术发展对医学教育的影响

信息技术的发展对医学教育产生了重要的影响.借助于电子计算机和互联网技术的优势,医学教育从手段到内容上都发生了巨大的变化,今天的医学教育也进入了新时代.此外,包括博客和Wiki在内的新兴技术也提供了新的医学教学方法.互联网的精神也将对医学教育思想产生影响.     

公平与惩罚价格对第三方惩罚需求的影响

为了探讨第三方惩罚的影响因素,分析个体在不同公平情境下面临不同的惩罚成本时会采取怎样的第三方惩罚行为,本研究以171名大学生为被试,采用2×2的混合实验设计,通过设置高低两种不公平情境和3种惩罚价格,对被试的第三方惩罚需求进行实验研究。结果显示,个体的第三方惩罚需求都有随着惩罚价格的升高而降低的趋势;不公平程度显著影响第三方惩罚需求。研究表明,惩罚成本显著影响个体的第三方惩罚的实施;在低不公平情境中,被试面对不同惩罚成本时其第三方惩罚行为之间无显著差异,即各种惩罚成本下出现第三方惩罚行为的可能性均较小;而在高不公平情境中,被试面对不同惩罚成本时的第三方惩罚行为之间差异显著,惩罚成本越低出现第三方惩罚的可能性越大。     

老年患者的外科治疗决策及围手术期处理

泌尿外科老年患者多,老年患者必然手术并发症多,手术死亡率高。虽然现在泌尿外科近70％的手术已进入了微创时代,手术时间大幅缩减,但是老年患者的临床决策仍常常是个非常纠结的问题,手术要达到什么目的？何时要做适当的放弃？除了充分的围手术期准备,医生要敢于承担,家属要充分理解和合作。     

Time course of effects of emotion on item memory and source memory for Chinese words

Although many studies have investigated the effect of emotion on memory, it is unclear whether the effect of emotion extends to all aspects of an event. In addition, it is poorly understood how effects of emotion on item memory and source memory change over time. This study examined the time course of effects of emotion on item memory and source memory. Participants learned intentionally a list of neutral, positive, and negative Chinese words, which were presented twice, and then took test of free recall, followed by recognition and source memory tests, at one of eight delayed points of time. The main findings are (within the time frame of 2 weeks): (1) Negative emotion enhances free recall, whereas there is only a trend that positive emotion enhances free recall. In addition, negative and positive emotions have different points of time at which their effects on free recall reach the greatest magnitude. (2) Negative emotion reduces recognition, whereas positive emotion has no effect on recognition. (3) Neither positive nor negative emotion has any effect on source memory. The above findings indicate that effect of emotion does not necessarily extend to all aspects of an event and that valence is a critical modulating factor in effect of emotion on item memory. Furthermore, emotion does not affect the time course of item memory and source memory, at least with a time frame of 2 weeks. This study has implications for establishing the theoretical model regarding the effect of emotion on memory.     

2007-2010年心理学专业基础综合考试的多元概化理论研究

摘 要 本研究使用多元概化理论分析2007-2010年心理学专业基础综合考试。结果表明：1.从考查的学科内容看,心理统计与测量、普通心理学的测量精度较高,而发展与教育心理学、实验心理学的测量精度偏低;2.从设置的题型看,多选题的测量精度偏低,其他题型的测量精度较高;减少单选题数量、增加多选题数量可在保障全卷测量精度的基础上大幅提高多选题的测量精度;3.全卷测量精度很高,不同年度的试卷在学科内容和题型结构上可看成是“平行”试卷。     

Contextual modulation of reading rate for direct versus indirect speech quotations

In human communication, direct speech (e.g., Mary said: “I’m hungry”) is perceived to be more vivid than indirect speech (e.g., Mary said [that] she was hungry). However, the processing consequences of this distinction are largely unclear. In two experiments, participants were asked to either orally (Experiment 1) or silently (Experiment 2, eye-tracking) read written stories that contained either a direct speech or an indirect speech quotation. The context preceding those quotations described a situation that implied either a fast-speaking or a slow-speaking quoted protagonist. It was found that this context manipulation affected reading rates (in both oral and silent reading) for direct speech quotations, but not for indirect speech quotations. This suggests that readers are more likely to engage in perceptual simulations of the reported speech act when reading direct speech as opposed to meaning-equivalent indirect speech quotations, as part of a more vivid representation of the former.