Effects of intra-amygdala infusion of CB1 receptor agonists on the reconsolidation of fear-potentiated startle

The cannabinoid CB1 receptor has been shown to be critically involved in the extinction of fear memory. Systemic injection of a CB1 receptor antagonist prior to extinction training blocked extinction. Conversely, administration of the cannabinoid uptake inhibitor AM404 facilitated extinction in a dose-dependent manner. Here we show that bilateral infusion of CB1 receptor agonists into the amygdala after memory reactivation blocked reconsolidation of fear memory measured with fear-potentiated startle. The effect was dose-dependent and could be blocked by AM251, a specific CB1 receptor antagonist. In contrast, the effect of CB1 agonists on reconsolidation was no longer seen if memory reactivation was omitted. Concomitant with block of reconsolidation, CB1 agonist-treated animals did not exhibit shock-induced reinstatement or spontaneous recovery of fear. The absence of recovery was not attributable to permanent damage to the amygdala in WIN-treated rats, nor did the effect result from alteration of baseline startle or shock reactivity. These results suggest that CB1 agonists could impair fear memory via blocking reconsolidation.     

论罗尔斯的政治义务理论

政治义务是政治哲学的核心问题。哈特首先用“相互限制原则”来解释政治义务,这一原则为罗尔斯所继承并加以修正。鉴于该原则存在的诸多问题,罗尔斯在《正义论》中削减了它在政治义务的道德证明中的作用,而诉诸正义的自然责任原则。这个原则仍然受到来自多方面的批评,许多罗尔斯的追随者对这些批评作了回应。罗尔斯从公平游戏原则到自然责任原则的转变反映了他对契约论不同的态度。     

Remembering things that never occurred: the effects of to-be-forgotten stereotypical information

Participants, 68 female and male nonpsychology university students, studied stereotypical and nonstereotypical words either with an initially activated social category (immigrant prime) or with no social category (neutral prime). They were then instructed to either forget or remember the studied words. This was followed by a recognition test. Based on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm and stereotype-accessibility research, we anticipated that the participants in the immigrant, but not in the neutral, prime condition would falsely recognize more nonstudied stereotypic attributes under a forget than a remember instruction. The results supported our hypothesis. Implications of the outcome for eyewitness testimony, juridical decision-making, and stereotype maintenance are discussed.     

弱智儿童在上课时和自由活动时的行为表现

研究了４１名弱智儿童。采用时间样本的方法收集材料,以期从动态角度了解弱智儿童在上课时和自由活动时的行为表现。按园别和智力落后程度两个方面对被试在上课时的８大类行为和自由活动时的７大类行为进行了分析。结果发现：班级人数、不同教学方法和智力落后程度与弱智儿童的行为表现有关。还对收集材料的方法、园别和智力落后程度与弱智儿童的行为表现的关系、高频率的自娱活动等,进行了讨论。最后,根据研究结果对教师提出了教学建议。     

Political socialization: A multivariate analysis of Swedish political attitude and preference data

Studied the socio-political attitudes and political party preferences of 532 Swedish high school students as a function of seven background variables: (I) the mother's political party preference, (2) the father's political party preference, (3) the mother's education, (4) the father's education, (5) the mother's income, (6) the father's income and (7) social class identification. Multiple classification analysis and multivariate nominal analysis were used to uncover the most important possible determinants of political socialization of the youth in both bivariate and multivariate aspects. The results showed that, of the seven predictor or background variables studied, only three had any substantial relationship with socio-political attitudes and political party preferences of the youth: (a) the mother's political party preference, (b) class identification and (c) the father's political party preference in that general order of importance. Furthermore, the superiority of the mother's political party preference over the father's political party preference was especially marked for girls. Among other things, the results also disclosed that ‘left-wing’ youth tended to be more loyal to parental political beliefs than ‘moderate’ and ‘right-wing’ youth. Several alternative explanations were proposed for these findings.     

关于闪光盲的研究——Ⅱ 短暂强闪光对中心视觉恢复时间的影响

在暗适应条件下对11名正常视力的男性受试者测定了进入眼内的闪光能量与恢复时间的关系。当闪光时间为0.1—5毫秒,积分亮度为0.07—1.69熙提秒时,人眼辨别一6’视角的蓝道环缺口所需的恢复时间仅取决于亮度和曝光时间的乘积,即Bloch律成立。文章并对防闪光盲护目镜应具的关闭时间进行了讨论。     

智力落后儿童用左、右手抓物的实验研究

本研究旨在探讨智力落后儿童在实验情景下用手抓物的方式、及其与大脑侧偏化的关系。结果表明:(1)智力落后儿童混用手情况多。被试在取物时,使用左手或右手次数的比率平均约为1:2,相当于1—2岁正常儿童用左、右手取物的比率;(2)性别与年龄对落后儿童用手方式无明显影响;(3)病情等级对用手方式有明显影响:轻度智力落后儿童使用左、右手的比率大于中、重度智力落后儿童的同样比率;(4)智力落后儿童抓物的线索在四个实验中不完全相同:实验Ⅰ至Ⅲ的线索为位置(近手),实验Ⅳ为对实验用具的喜爱;(5)在混用手与大脑侧偏化(或优势脑未分化)不完善之间,可能有直接关系。此问题尚需进一步研究。     

文化转型期刘师培的经学研究

处于传统与现代之间的文化转型期,刘师培从思想自由的角度批判了传统经学作为意识形态对人们思想的控制,又从字义考证入手彻底解构和颠覆了经学作为价值准则的合法性地位,同时借助于西学对传统经学进行新的阐释,为现代新文化的构建提供资源,从而开启了经学研究的近代之路。     

从"政治型思想家"到"思想型学者":梁启超1920年的身份嬗变

以1920年为界,梁启超的文化身份有着“政治型思想家”与“思想型学者”的显著区别。要具体了解这一身份嬗变的文化内涵,就须走进《清代学术概论》的文本世界。从“政治型思想家”到“思想型学者”这一身份嬗变,使得梁启超在生命的最后十个年头成了一位伟大的国学大师。