Preschool children's understanding of the coordinators “and” and “or”

The development of the understanding of the words and and or was studied. Children in the age interval 2:0–7:6 received two tests of word understanding, varying in the degree to which the context of the test items contributed in determining the meaning of the connectives, and one test of spontaneous usage. The results from the tests of word understanding showed that the context variable facilitated small children's responding, and that most reponses were correct at the age of four and beyond. The results from the production test indicated that and was used to express enummerations and or to express alternatives. The difference between the linguistic and the logical meaning of the connectives was discussed.     

采用构造玩具教学对幼儿创造力发展的影响

本研究采用自然实验法,探索采用构造玩具、进行启发儿童想象力的教学对发展幼儿创造力的作用。被试为50名均龄4岁8个月的寄宿幼儿园儿童,教学中纳入的变量为四种方法:(1)模仿-改进法;(2)改变模仿对象法;(3)模仿生活原型法;(4)改造生活原型法。控制班只采用模仿法进行教学。经过七个月的实验教学后,实验班儿童的一般智力和创造力都明显超过了控制班。测验资料证明,幼儿的一般智力占创造力之间,有0.4左右的正相关。     

EFFECTS OF INTERSTIMULUS INTERVAL AND PREDICTABILITY OF EVENT STRUCTURE ON SERIAL REACTION TIME

A mean interstimulus interval (ISI) of 10 sec. resulted in significantly-shorter RTs to a single light stimulus than a 30 sec. average ISI. During a second workperiod the groups performing under each of the two ISI conditions were divided into four subgroups given 0, 25, 50 or 75% interspersion of an additional stimulus (sound). With short ISIs the condition of maximum predictability of event structure (light stimulus only) gave the shortest average RTs. With lessened predictability (increased proportion of the sound stimulus) there was a slight monotonous increase in RT. With long ISIs the same relationship was curvilinear, i.e. 25% interspersion of sound stimulus was most effective in preserving vigilance.     

身心康宁概念的历史演变

身心康宁概念是从传统健康概念中发展出来的,它更加注重不同构成要素之间的关联,描述的是人们不断主动朝向最佳健康状态迈进的过程,是一种积极的生活方式.对几种主要的身心康宁视角、模型和测量工具进行了梳理,并探讨了在中国文化下,身心康宁所体现的和谐均衡的健康观.     

A new look at the schema therapy model: organization and role of early maladaptive schemas

This study reexamined the organization of Young’s 18 early maladaptive schemas and their hypothesized associations with experiences of need-thwarting parental experiences in childhood and the “vulnerable child” mode of emotional distress in adulthood. A large Danish sample (N = 1054) of 658 clinical- and 391 nonclinical adults completed measures of early maladaptive schemas, parenting styles, and the vulnerable child mode. We identified four higher-order schema domains as most appropriate in terms of interpretability and empirical indices (“Disconnection & Rejection”, “Impaired Autonomy & Performance”, “Excessive Responsibility & Standards”, and “Impaired Limits”). All four schema domains were differentially associated with conceptually relevant need-thwarting parental experiences. Apart from “Impaired Limits”, the schema domains meaningfully accounted for the association between need-thwarting parental experiences in childhood and emotional states of feeling like a “vulnerable child” in adulthood. We conclude that four domains of early maladaptive schemas are empirically and conceptually consistent with Young’s schema therapy model of personality pathology and longstanding emotional disorders. Findings warrant replication using different populations and if possible a prospective multi-method design. A scoring key for computing the four schema domains is provided.     

基督教的传播与罗马帝国统治者的因应对策

罗马帝国统治者以政治标准和实用态度裁决基督教,从视为犹太教的一个小教派予以默认,到将其视为一种非法的宗教加以迫害,再到承认其合法性,都是基于统治者的利益和政治的现实需要而调整,最终基督教提升为国教。罗马帝国的基督教政策为未来的国家统治者干涉教会事务确定了先例,对中世纪西欧政教关系的格局产生了深远影响。     

社会支持与城市移民子女生活满意度：学校适应的中介作用

该研究以城市移民子女作为研究对象,主要探讨社会支持对城市移民子女生活满意度的影响及预测作用,以及学校适应在社会支持与生活满意度之间的作用机制。研究结果表明：1）社会支持、学校适应与城市移民子女的生活满意度均呈显著相关,社会支持对城市移民子女生活满意度具有显著的正向预测作用。2）学校适应在社会支持影响城市移民子女生活满意度中起部分中介作用,即社会支持可以直接影响生活满意度,也可以通过学校适应间接影响生活满意度。但社会支持对生活满意度的直接影响是最主要的影响路径。．     

锌对细胞凋亡调控研究的一些思考

锌是机体必需的微量元素,它能够抑制细胞凋亡,也可以诱导细胞凋亡。阐述近年有关锌对细胞凋亡的研究结果,提出要全面,辩证地看待二者之间的关系。     

从明清文学作品看道教仙境观念世俗化

这篇文章主要介绍了道教仙境观念世俗化的几种基本表现方式,如仙境地理观念的改变、仙境的象征化和美学化以及这类变化中的道教观念在明清时期的文学作品中留下的明显痕迹。通过这样的比较,我们可以发现道教宗教观念在世俗化大趋势下所产生的种种演变以及随之而来所形成的巨大社会影响。