Parent and Family Characteristics and Their Associates in a Follow-Up of Outpatient Children with ADHD

We examined associations between child symptoms, demographic variables, parent and family characteristics in a long-term follow-up study of 214 outpatient children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The children’s mean age was 12.6 (SD = 2.1) years, and the mean interval from diagnosis to follow-up was 3.7 (SD = 2.2) years. We compared the characteristics of the clinical group with a community group (n = 110) recruited from the same catchment area. Parents filled out questionnaires on child symptoms, parent characteristics, and family functioning. The results showed that parents of young boys (<13 years) experienced more parenting stressors than those of adolescent boys (≥13 years), but the opposite was true for parents of girls. Parents of children with both ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in the clinical range experienced significantly more parent and family dysfunctions than those of children with ADHD only (even after controlling for levels of ADHD symptoms in the child). Parents of children in the community group experienced significantly less parent and family dysfunctions than those of children with ADHD. Partial correlations between parent characteristics and child symptoms showed that oppositional symptoms were most strongly associated with parent and family dysfunction. Fathers experienced significantly less parenting stress, parental efficacy, and child involvement than mothers. We conclude that parents of children with ADHD experienced considerable strain related to a broad range of parent and family characteristics. Assessment of such characteristics should be part of routine assessment procedures and a prerequisite for family-focused treatment of children with ADHD.     

基于通道的内源性注意对声音诱发闪光错觉的影响

声音诱发闪光错觉是指当视觉闪光伴随不相等数量的听觉声音在100 ms内相继或同时呈现时, 个体会错觉性地知觉到视觉闪光的个数与听觉声音的数量相等。研究采用经典的声音诱发闪光错觉范式, 将注意以内源性的方式指向视觉通道或者听觉通道, 考察了基于通道的内源性注意对声音诱发闪光错觉的影响。结果发现, 当注意内源性地指向视觉通道时, 相对于基线条件, 裂变错觉的量显著减小; 当注意内源性地指向听觉通道时, 相对于基线条件, 裂变错觉的量存在增大的趋势。说明了基于通道的内源性注意可以影响声音诱发闪光错觉中的裂变错觉, 但不影响融合错觉。     

Observe: A multimedia course on the observational analysis of behavior

OBSERVE is a preliminary release of a multimedia course for teaching undergraduate and graduate students how and why to study behavior by direct observation. The instructional text and commentary and the self-test and examination materials are built around a series of exercises in which the student observes and categorizes film clips of the behavior of several different species in several different ways. Incorporation of elements from The Observer software for computer recording and video analysis implements fully computerized continuous recording. At present, the text, together with check sheets that the program generates, enables a comparison between one-zero, instantaneous, and continuous sampling of the same behavioral excerpts. Matrices are printed out for an exercise in calculating interobserver reliability. Another section supports carrying out and writing up a small observational project on human behavior in the field. Plans for the future development of OBSERVE are briefly described.     

Discovering hidden time patterns in behavior: T-patterns and their detection

This article deals with the definition and detection of particular kinds of temporal patterns in behavior, which are sometimes obvious or well known, but other times difficult to detect, either directly or with standard statistical methods. Characteristics of well-known behavior patterns were abstracted and combined in order to define a scale-independent, hierarchical time pattern type, called aT-pattern. A corresponding detection algorithm was developed and implemented in a computer program, called Theme. The proposed pattern typology and detection algorithm are based on the definition and detection of a particular relationship between pairs of events in a time series, called acritical interval relation. The proposed bottom-up, level-by-level (or breadth-first) search algorithm is based on a binary tree of such relations. The algorithm first detects simpler patterns. Then, more complex and complete patterns evolve through the connection of simpler ones, pattern completeness competition, and pattern selection. Interindividual T-patterns in a quarter-hour interaction between two children are presented, showing that complex hidden T-patterns may be found by Theme in such behavioral streams. Finally, implications for studies of complexity, self-organization, and dynamic patterns are discussed.     

A Metaphilosophical Analysis of the Core Idea of Deflationism

In this paper, I give a metaphilosophical analysis of the core idea of deflationism by discussing some basic conceptual and methodological issues involved in the debate between deflationism and substantivism. In so doing, I argue for three positive points. First, the crux of the dispute between deflationism and substantivism is whether or not truth is substantive in its metaphysical nature and in its explanatory role in philosophical enterprises, rather than whether or not a minimal approach regarding conceptual resources is taken to explain truth; a minimal approach itself is philosophically innocent. Second, there is no intrinsic connection between the core idea of deflationism and the Tarski-style equivalence thesis, which is often identified as implying or supporting the former. Third, there are some unbridged fundamental gaps between the core idea of deflationism and various redundancy theses; these redundancy theses cannot be identified as the former, nor can they be used to justify the former on their own.     

多决策方法多交流方式的群体决策比较

采用人员选拔的实验室模拟实验,以160名被试组成40个4人群体,对4种决策方法和2类交流方式的群体决策进行了比较。结果发现（1）决策方法和交流方式对于讨论过程的信息交流具有显著影响;（2）以计算机为中介进行决策的被试知觉到的任务难度要高于面对面决策条件;决策方法对于群体成员有关实验任务难度知觉具有主效应;交流方式和决策方法对于群体决策过程满意感和结果满意感没有显著影响;（3）在以投票轮次来表明群体达成一致意见所需时间上,决策方法对于投票轮次具有显著影响。恶魔式辩护、辨证式查询两种方法下所需的投票轮次多于专家意见法和自由讨论法的投票轮次。     

论康德定言命令在推导实际义务方面的有效性

康德关于定言命令能有效推导出一切实际义务的主张在哲学史上一直受到广泛的批评。在那些批评者看来,定言命令作为一种普遍性、形式性的原则从逻辑上说是无法有效推导出任何实质性的内容的。然而,这种批评忽视了定言命令的公式Ⅰ("普遍公式")和公式Ⅰa("自然法公式")的区别及其意义。在《道德形而上学奠基》中,康德是用公式Ⅰa示范如何推导实际义务的。公式Ⅰa除了提出"普遍化"的形式性标准外,还由于涉及一种自然目的论,而提出了一种自然法意义上的实质性标准,即一个人对自己的完善和他人的幸福先天地负有义务。这一实质性标准保证了定言命令在推导实际义务方面的有效性,同时也赋予了康德道德哲学一种非常强烈的自然法特征。     

地面参照框架形成的连续表面整合加工假说

地面参照框架是空间知觉的重要基础, 连续表面整合加工(SSIP)假说首次对其形成过程做出了推测, 将这一科学问题的研究向纵深推进, 开辟了一个新的研究领域。SSIP假说的核心观点及其相关证据包括地面的表征原理、整合条件和表征结果三个方面, 得到了大量研究的支持。未来研究需结合基于过程检验的技术手段, 直接探查地面参照框架的形成机制, 关注高级认知过程的作用, 并可考虑其在国防上的应用。     

An item‐level investigation of conceptual and empirical distinctiveness of proactivity constructs

Beyond the prior investigations that took scale‐level approaches to determining discriminant validity in proactivity constructs, the current study contributes a much‐needed interrogation of the items used to measure the behaviors in this domain. The substantive validity (SV) assessments (Study 1) showed that many of the items were judged to be inconsistent with the definition of the construct they assess or, alternatively, more consistent with the definition of a different construct in the domain. Further, exploratory factor analysis revealed the difficulty in empirically separating the four behaviors, while BiM results also advocated against the unique variance of them after accounting for a general factor (Study 2). Altogether, our results show that the items are partly to blame for the empirical redundancy issue.     

父母教养方式影响青少年感恩:心理特权和观点采择的中介作用

本研究以482名中学生为被试,采用问卷法探究父母情感温暖、父母拒绝以及父母过度保护的教养方式、心理特权以及观点采择对青少年感恩的影响机制。结果表明：（1）父母情感温暖显著正向预测青少年感恩,父母拒绝显著负向预测青少年感恩;（2）观点采择在三种父母教养方式与青少年感恩之间起中介作用,心理特权只在父母拒绝和父母过度保护与青少年感恩之间起中介作用。这表明父母教养方式通过观点采择和心理特权的中介作用影响青少年感恩,但是不同的教养方式作用路径不同。