从主文化视角看20世纪我国社会道德规范体系的演变与重建

根据社会学关于主文化的理论观点,可以将主义化细分为主导文化、主体文化、主流文化.回顾20世纪中国文化的发展历程,可以看到,主文化在三个维度上一直处在消长与变革之中,并由此使社会道德规范体系呈现出相应的演变历程.针对改革开放后我国社会道德规范体系"碎片化"的态势,要大力建设以"社会主义和谐文化"为标志的主文化,紧紧抓住社会主义核心价值体系这个根本,尊重差异、包客多样,构建中国特色社会主义道德规范体系.     

Disjunctivism, contextualism and the sceptical aporia

We know things that entail things we apparently cannot come to know. This is a problem for those of us who trust that knowledge is closed under entailment. In the paper I discuss the solutions to this problem offered by epistemic disjunctivism and contextualism. The contention is that neither of these theories has the resources to deal satisfactory with the problem.     

The role and impact of mental simulation in design

Although theories of mental simulations have used different formulations of the premises of ‘thought experiments’, they can be fitted under a minimalist hypothesis stating that mental simulations are run under situations of uncertainty to turn that uncertainty into approximate answers. Three basic assumptions of mental simulations were tested by using naturalistic data from engineering design. Results from the design protocols showed (1) initial representations in mental simulation had higher than base‐rate uncertainty, (2) uncertainty in mental simulations were lowered after simulation runs, (3) resulting representations had more approximations than base‐rate or initial representations. Further, the reference to external representational systems (sketches and prototypes) was examined. It was found that prototypes had fewer technical/functional simulations compared to sketches or unsupported cognition. Although prototypes were associated with more approximation than unsupported cognition, the different external representation categories did not differ in information uncertainty. The results support the minimalist hypothesis of mental simulations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论江泽民对社会主义精神文明建设的理论贡献

"精神文明建设是促进社会全面进步的保证、事关中华民族优秀文化传统的发扬光大"是江泽民对社会主义精神文明建设地位的新认识;"与市场经济相适应、继承优良传统与弘扬时代精神相结合、先进性要求与广泛性要求相结合"是江泽民建设社会主义精神文明的基本原则;"以德治国"方略、"文化利益"共享、"主旋律"教育、"促进人的全面发展"是江泽民建设社会主义精神文明的特色内容;"关注文化多样性的现实、高度重视理论建设、重视网络技术和各种文化载体的运用"是江泽民对社会主义精神文明建设途径的新探索。     

The Flexibility of Gua and Yao—Based on an Interpretation of Yizhuan

In Yizhuan’s interpretation of The Book of Changes, the book’s fundamental concepts, xiang 象 (images) and ci 辞 (words), play different roles. Concepts, including yin and yang, firmness and gentleness, sancai 三才 (three fundamentals), and the wuxing 五行 (five active elements), are used to interpret The Book of Changes through the interpretation of images, while the core Confucian values, such as benevolence and righteousness, are used to interpret The Book of Changes because of their connection with words of gua and yao. In order to expand the meaning of the words of gua and yao, Yizhuan sometimes connects words with images; in other occasions, however, it simply takes these words as independent guides. The Confucian scholars who wrote Yizhuan, therefore, not only revered the classic, but also used it to send their own message. Out of reverence, they “shu 述 (recited)”; in using it, they “zuo 作 (created)”. The combination of recitation and creation made the words of gua and yao very flexible in the process of interpretation, while the interpretation changed the meaning of the classic to a great extent.     

Environment modifies the association between depression symptoms and smoking among adolescents.

Previous studies have shown a strong correlation between depression and smoking, but the mechanism underlying the relationship is not well understood. This study examined whether the prevalence of smoking in schools influences the relationship between smoking and depression symptoms at the individual level. Information on demographics, tobacco use, and depression symptoms for 3,382 students in Grades 7-12 from 126 schools in Ontario, Canada, was obtained from the 2003 Ontario Student Drug Use Survey (E. Adlaf & A. Paglia, 2003). The effect of school-level smoking was strongly negative (coefficient = -1.05, p = .01), suggesting that depression and smoking at the individual level were strongly related in schools with a lower smoking prevalence but that this relationship diminished as the prevalence of smoking increased. Contextual effects may be important to understanding the link between smoking and depression in adolescents.     

口腔修复体制作技术发展的辩证思考

口腔修复体制作技术发展经历了从手工操作到计算机辅助制作、从“去材成形”到“增材制造”、从间接制造到直接制造发展阶段。回顾和分析口腔修复学技术发展中存在的基本矛盾以及矛盾对立统一运动的基本规律,有助于口腔医生自觉地培养和建立自然辩证观念,提高辩证思维能力,更好地把握口腔修复学发展趋势和规律。     

口腔修复体制作技术发展的辩证思考

口腔修复体制作技术发展经历了从手工操作到计算机辅助制作、从"去材成形"到"增材制造"、从间接制造到直接制造发展阶段.回顾和分析口腔修复学技术发展中存在的基本矛盾以及矛盾对立统一运动的基本规律,有助于口腔医生自觉地培养和建立自然辩证观念,提高辩证思维能力,更好地把握口腔修复学发展趋势和规律.     

冷酷无情特质：一种易于暴力犯罪的人格倾向

冷酷无情特质(callous unemotional trait, CU)是指对他人冷漠、缺乏罪责感、低共情的一种人格倾向, 伴随有高频率和高破坏性的反社会行为甚至暴力犯罪。CU特质者在情感上表现为对负性情绪加工不敏感, 缺乏共情; 在认知上表现出追求奖赏、忽视惩罚; 在生物学方面, CU特质者生理唤醒水平低、皮质醇水平低、杏仁核和腹内侧前额叶活动异常。未来研究的方向是修订发展本土化CU特质量表、探析CU特质者的性别差异、梳理CU与品行障碍等其他精神障碍的关系、为暴力犯循证矫正的方案设计提供科学依据。     

自恋人格调节信任博弈的结果评价

自恋人格个体表现出亲社会行为的减少和对他人的反馈敏感。信任是人类社会互动行为的基础,自恋人格特质可能影响他们的信任决策。为了探究自恋水平如何影响信任博弈中结果评价的大脑活动,本研究采用事件相关电位技术记录了38名被试完成单次信任博弈时的脑电波。行为结果发现相对高自恋者的信任选择率显著低于相对低自恋者的信任选择率。脑电结果表明,相对高自恋者信任损失反馈减互惠获利反馈所得的FRN差异波(d FRN)显著地大于相对低自恋者,并且相对高自恋者结果评价诱发的P300波幅显著地大于相对低自恋者。本研究提供了自恋人格个体信任博弈中结果评价的初步神经电生理学证据。