因满足而幸福：婚姻期待研究回顾与展望

婚姻期待指在婚姻关系中, 个体对配偶和关系本身所期望达到、并认为可以达到的标准。婚姻期待的满足程度影响婚姻质量评价和婚姻满意度, 但受到期待弹性、夫妻沟通及归因风格等因素的调节。个体应对婚姻期待受挫的方式包括改变对方以及对现实进行理想化歪曲等。未来可从开发适用于中国文化的测量工具、深化影响婚姻期待的家庭因素研究、探索婚姻期待受挫的其它应对方式及开展婚姻期待的夫妻匹配研究等方向进行考察。     

Education and Psycho-Utopianism—Comenius,Skinner, and Beyond

In the history of ideas some researchers have recently coined the term psycho-utopianism, denoting the notion that the ideal society presupposes a “new man,” that is, the psychological nature of man must change before society can change. Cultural studies have noted this line of thinking also within the so-called New Age movement. However, the notion of a New Age is not really new; it occurred already at the beginning of the Modern Epoch; in seventeenth-century Europe. At that time, the educational philosopher J. A. Comenius was writing his canonical work Didactica Magna and other texts on education, science, and philosophy, with the ultimate aim of contributing to a new world order. Comenius was one of the first modern educators to argue for a general education of both boys and girls irrespective of social class. Three hundred years later, B. F. Skinner suggested psychological methods of education and upbringing, also with the ultimate aim to transform society. In this article I will look closer at the similarities and differences between these two thinkers regarding their psycho-utopian notions. I will conclude with similar reflections on psycho-utopian tendencies in present discourses on information and communication technology (ICT) and education.     

“镜像”的内涵与外延:围绕镜像神经元的争议

镜像神经元被认为是改变认知神经科学的重要发现,它的发现为迄今为止许多行为实验难以检验的心智或认知现象提供了一个统一的研究视角。然而,镜像神经元在社会认知活动中的重要作用却引起了研究者的激烈争论。系统回顾镜像神经元研究中的争议,可以尝试以争论焦点出现的逻辑关系和性质为依据将其划分为两类:一类是关于镜像"内涵"的争议,主要包括镜像神经元是否存在及其起源的争议。另一类则主要围绕镜像"外延"的争议,即有关镜像神经元系统和镜像机制的争议。未来的研究必须摒弃将镜像神经元视为"认知科学圣杯"的神经还原主义倾向,将之视为一个由多个子系统组成的开放的复杂巨系统,并将焦点转向关注镜像机制。     

父母学习陪伴与小学生学业不良的关系:亲子学业沟通的中介作用和学习负担的调节作用

采用父母学习陪伴问卷、亲子学业沟通问卷、学习负担量表和学业成绩自我评定量表对578名4-6年级小学生及家长进行调查,探讨父母学习陪伴与小学生学业不良的关系以及亲子学业沟通四个维度（成绩沟通、习惯沟通、态度沟通和方法沟通）的中介作用和学习负担的调节作用。结果发现：（1）父母学习陪伴对学业不良具有显著的负向预测作用;（2）亲子学业态度沟通和方法沟通在父母学习陪伴与学业不良的关系中起完全中介作用;（3）学习负担在亲子学业态度沟通与学业不良之间的调节作用显著。在低学习负担条件下,亲子学业态度沟通对学业不良的改善作用更为明显。本研究结果表明,提高父母学习陪伴的时间和陪伴质量、改善亲子学业沟通方式并适当降低学习负担,可能改善小学生的学业不良。     

反社会人格障碍的神经生物学基础及其司法启示

反社会人格障碍(Antisocial Personality Disorder, ASPD)是一种漠视或侵犯他人权益的普遍行为模式, 是与犯罪关联极高的精神障碍。ASPD的形成受基因和环境因素的影响, 表现为神经递质和激素系统的紊乱, 以及自主神经系统活跃程度和大脑结构与功能的异常。上述神经生物学因素可能导致ASPD患者表现出执行控制障碍、情绪功能障碍、无视惩罚信息和奖赏偏好等特点。神经生物学研究的证据为ASPD罪犯的循证矫治、风险评估、定罪量刑等司法实践提供了启示。建议未来从神经生物学角度对ASPD的诊断分类标准、治疗方法和影响因素等方面开展研究。     

Spatial interaction effects in letter processing

The hypothesis of independent processing channels was tested in a letter-recognition task. Letter space and retinal position were varied for both unilateral and bilateral presentations of two-letter configurations. The response latencies indicated contour interference effects for small letter spaces as well as a different type of processing delay which increased rapidly with increased letter distance from the fixation point. The latter effect was assumed to represent an interaction between the feature extraction processes of the adjacent letters. Since the processing capacity decreases as a function of the distance from the fovea, the reaction times were correspondingly lengthened.     

Relationship between job burnout and personal wellness in mental health professionals

This study aimed to determine the nature of the relationship between job burnout and personal wellness among mental health professionals. The authors performed intercorrelations and multivariate multiple regression analyses to identify the relationship between subscales of job burnout and personal wellness. Results showed that all subscales of job burnout, except for the Negative Work Environment subscale, significantly predicted a large amount of the variance in the collective personal wellness subscales. Implications for mental health professionals’ clinical practice, training, and supervision and limitations and prospects for future studies are discussed.     

Sex and age-related anxiety in a community sample of Norwegian adolescents

The first aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and DSM-related anxiety symptom-clusters among adolescents (13-19 years of age) in middle Norway. A second aim was to examine the developmental trajectories of anxiety symptoms for boys and girls during adolescence. In a cross-sectional study, 1,802 students in junior high schools and high schools in the Mid-Norway Health Region filled out a questionnaire (a response-rate of 77%) including the SCARED self-report form (Birmaher et al., 1997) during one school hour. In line with findings of previous studies, girls reported higher anxiety-levels than did boys. A large gender-specific increase in anxiety in 14-15-year-old girls was also found. Apart from this age-specific effect, the results indicated a general reduction in anxiety during adolescence for all symptom groups except generalized anxiety and school phobia. The high anxiety levels in girls aged 13 to 14 years implicate a need for caution by clinicians because such high anxiety levels may be mistaken for the existence of an anxiety disorder. The rapid increase in anxiety symptoms among girls in early adolescence may reflect a heightened sensitivity in this age group, and may have implications for when to implement secondary prevention programs.     

时距加工的记忆负荷效应

为了探索非时间任务短时记忆加工对不同长度时距加工的影响是否一致,本研究采用双任务范式,操纵时距编码阶段的短时记忆加工负荷,以平均复制时距为因变量指标,考察了非时间任务短时记忆加工对1-6秒时距加工的影响。结果发现,1秒、2秒及3秒的平均复制长度不随记忆负荷的大小而变化,4秒、5秒及6秒的平均复制长度随着记忆负荷变大而缩短。这意味着非时间短时记忆对时距加工影响具有选择性。     

The Compatibility of Personality and Social Identity Processes: The Effect of Gender Identity on Neuroticism

In an experimental study (N = 186), we examined the effect of identity (gender versus personal) on participants' self‐rated neuroticism and estimates of mean neuroticism for men and women. Self‐rated neuroticism was measured before and after the identity salience manipulation. Following self‐categorization theory, we predicted that identity salience would affect levels of self‐rated neuroticism and the estimates (perceptions) of mean neuroticism for each sex. From a personality perspective, we expected substantial correlations between pre‐manipulation and post‐manipulation neuroticism scores in both identity conditions. The relation between participants' self‐rated neuroticism and their estimates of mean neuroticism for their own sex was also examined. The effect of identity salience was unclear with regard to self‐rated neuroticism levels, whereas the manipulation had apparent effects on estimated mean neuroticism levels for men and women. Also, self‐rated neuroticism was found to predict estimates of mean neuroticism for men and women in the gender, but not personal, identity condition. Finally, in line with a personality perspective, the relative positions in self‐rated neuroticism were highly stable in both conditions. The findings indicate a compatibility of self‐categorization theory and personality perspectives and suggest that both are valuable to understand the changeability and stability of the self. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.