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181.
David M Messick Suzanne Bloom Janet P Boldizar Charles D Samuelson 《Journal of experimental social psychology》1985,21(5):480-500
Subjects wrote lists of either fair or unfair things that they or others did. A pervasive tendency was found for subjects to associate themselves with fair behaviors and others with unfair behaviors. When different subjects rated samples of the written behaviors for fairness and frequency we found that fair behaviors were rated as more frequent than unfair behaviors and self-ascribed behaviors were rated as fairer than behaviors ascribed to others. These findings and others are shown to result from a tendency for subjects to perceive a stronger link between the fairness and frequency of their own behavior than between the fairness and frequency of the behavior of other people. A final analysis showed that the subcategories of unfair behavior that subjects associated with others were different from those associated with themselves. 相似文献
182.
Sally L. Godard Joseph D. Bloom Mary H. Williams Larry R. Faulkner 《Behavioral sciences & the law》1986,4(3):293-304
The right to refuse treatment seems well established for psychiatric patients. Individual states, however, have very different procedures for managing this right and for overriding the refusal. Oregon's administrative procedure for override depends on an evaluation by an independent examining psychiatrist. This article empirically examines the 432 refusals leading to override requests in three Oregon psychiatric institutions in 1983 and 1984. Treatment refusal was found to be a common occurrence in all age groups. Those who refused treatment were seriously ill, unemployed, single individuals with previous psychiatric hospitalizations. Most refused treatment because of denial of their illness or delusional thinking about medication. Most refusals were overridden following the independent psychiatrist's examination. Because of the significant cost of the override procedure to the patient and the mental health system, the authors propose a new procedure which combines parts of the current procedure with a requirement that, at the time of the civil commitment hearing, the judge makes a separate decision as to the patient's competency to make treatment decisions. 相似文献
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184.
Chester B. Scrignar William C. Swanson William A. Bloom 《Behaviour research and therapy》1973,11(1):129-131
There have been several studies of the phenomenon of airplane phobia mostly dealing with professional aviators and aircrews (Goorney, 1960; Aitken, 1970). There has also been a report of the use of penthranization in the in vivo desensitization of an airplane phobic patient (Mildman, 1969). Recently one case of successful in vivo desensitization using flight simulators and flight instruction has been reported (Bernstein and Beaty, 1971).This paper describes the application of Wolpe's (Wolpe, 1969) technique of systematic desensitization for persons with an airplane phobia. 相似文献
185.
K Bloom 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1974,17(2):250-263
Three-month-old human infants received social reinforcement contigent upon each vocalization. The experimenter wore eye glasses with lenses composed of clear acetate, skin-toned opaque shields, or life-size photographs of the experimenter's eyes (with direct or averted gaze), and maintained visual contact with the infant's eyes (via pinholes in the lenses) during all sessions. Each group of three subjects experienced two of the four possible lens conditions. During baseline and extinction sessions vocalization rate was quite similar under each lens condition. During conditioning sessions, however, vocalizations exceeded baseline rates in all but the opaque lens condition. In this study eye contact was neither a reinforcing, discriminative, nor eliciting stimulus. Eye contact was a setting stimulus (catalyst) for the response-reinforcement relationship. 相似文献
186.
H. S. Bloom E. L. Criswell H. S. Pennypacker A. C. Catania C. K. Adams 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1982,32(3):251-260
Five adult humans palpated silicone breast models in a lump-detection task. The effects on detection of several lump and model characteristics were studied in three phases, using both discrete trial (restricted search procedure) and “free response” (free search procedure) psychophysical methods. Size and depth of fixed steel lumps were varied in Phase 1. Depth and hardness of uniformly sized, fixed lumps were varied in Phase 2. The presence and depth of simulated breast nodularity were also studied in Phases 1 and 2. In Phase 3, all breast models were uniformly nodular and lumps varied along dimensions of size, depth, hardness, and fixation. In Phase 1, lump detection was greatest with maximum lump size and minimum depth within the model. Neither lump hardness nor depth differentially influenced detection of the fixed lumps in Phase 2. When breast lumps were mobile, in Phase 3, size and hardness were major stimulus dimensions determining detection. These results suggest physical parameters for realistic breast models and lumps to be used in training effective breast self-examination and breast lump detection. 相似文献
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188.
The public expects central government to have immediate knowledge of the condition and circumstances of certain vulnerable or dangerous individuals such as insanity acquittees, and to take action in individual cases to protect the individual and the public. Therefore, such persons conditionally released to community settings require an unusual degree of close monitoring and management. Being immediately aware of the condition and circumstances of its assignees, together with other duties of a board or commission responsible for that monitoring and management, is largely an information management function. The Psychiatric Security Review Board in Oregon is used to illustrate this unique mission, operations, and information management. In this paper, the Psychiatric Security Review Board is described in terms of its core and secondary businesses, together with a model information system that is based on information and information management processes actually employed by the Board. 相似文献
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190.
Two studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that the more stressful an experience is, the more positively it will be evaluated. Stressfulness was manipulated in the two studies by means of threat of shock, and both self-report and physiological measures of stress indicated that these manipulations were highly successful. In both studies subjects who were exposed to the more stressful situation evaluated their experience as significantly more worthwhile and somewhat more interesting than did subjects exposed to the less stressful situation. Furthermore, as expected, subjects did not like the high stress experience more than the low stress experience. Implications and qualifications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献