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161.
Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics - The increasing willingness of people to agree that societies currently spend too much on health care is noted. It is argued that this is more an expression of... 相似文献
162.
The present paper sought to clarify the conceptual relationship between expectancy for personal control, stress, and behavioral reactions to stress. Expectancy for control was assessed as a personality characteristic of internal control; stress was experienced as strong environmental interruptions, disturbances, and unpredictable obstacles encountered during the performance of assigned tasks. Subjects were junior high school aged students who attempted to complete three academic type tasks during one of two levels of stress or a base line, no stress, condition. Analyses of the data included: (a) internal subjects were capable of sustaining task performance under high stress, but external students experienced performance decrements as stress increased; (b) time to complete the mathematics task reflected a facilitating effect of stress for internals but a debilitating effect for externals; (c) performance differences between internal and external students, in the absence of differences in reported anxiety, could be attributed to the stronger reward expectancies possessed by the internal individual. Interpretation of the data suggested an interactive relationship between type of stress (threat to ego vs. threat to instrumental performance) and expectancy for control in the influencing of behavior reactions to stress. 相似文献
163.
S. Shanun Kunnavatana Sarah E. Bloom Andrew L. Samaha Timothy A. Slocum Casey J. Clay 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2018,51(2):283-302
Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) most often includes extinction as a treatment component. However, extinction is not always feasible and it can be counter‐therapeutic if implemented without optimal treatment integrity. Researchers have successfully implemented DRA without extinction by manipulating various parameters of reinforcement such that alternative behavior is favored. We extended previous research by assessing three participants' sensitivities to quality, magnitude, and immediacy using arbitrary responses and reinforcers that maintain problem behavior. The results were used to implement an intervention for problem behavior using DRA without extinction. Our findings indicate that arbitrary responses can be used to identify individual and relative sensitivity to parameters of reinforcement for reinforcers that maintain problem behavior. Treatment was effective for all participants when we manipulated parameters of reinforcement to which they were most sensitive, and, for two participants, the treatment was less effective when we manipulated parameters to which they were least sensitive. 相似文献
164.
全球基本健康研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
BarryR.Bloom 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2001,22(2):6-11
在过去的10年间,世界各国的卫生研究意识都在增强,每个国家都很重视基本的国家研究在医疗卫生及医疗卫生系统中的作用。基因组计划将改变我们理解健康和疾病的方式,导致人们对“预防性治疗”的需要,但其带来的负面影响不可忽视。 相似文献
165.
166.
Samuel W. Bloom 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》1990,26(1):17-37
Bernhard J. Stern, an outstanding sociologist and a political radical, and victimized by Congressional investigating committees during the McCarthy period. The scope of Stern's intellectual contribution is described and his fate as a radical is examined. The history of Stern's treatment by Columbia University and his colleagues is described with the benefit of hitherto unpublished archival materials. This testimony is valuable in that Stern's case adds to the study of the strengths and weaknesses of academic institutions in times of crisis, especially about questions of academic freedom. 相似文献
167.
Serial functional communication training: Extending serial DRA to mands and problem behavior 下载免费PDF全文
Joseph M. Lambert Sarah E. Bloom Andrew L. Samaha Elizabeth Dayton 《Behavioral Interventions》2017,32(4):311-325
Functional communication training (FCT) is commonly used to eliminate problem behavior. Not surprisingly, the efficacy of the intervention depends on fidelity to programmed procedures. For instance, problem behavior is likely to resurge if caregivers fail to reinforce mands during the maintenance stages of FCT. Despite this, recent translational work on arbitrary human responses suggests that incorporating multiple‐mand instruction into a serial‐training format may increase the probability of a recency effect, and a reversion of response resurgence (both desirable outcomes when mands are the most recently reinforced responses prior to extinction). Although promising, this effect has not been replicated with socially significant human behavior. Thus, we compared the relative effect of traditional FCT with that of serial FCT on the resurgence of the problem behavior, and mands, of 2 children. In contrast to previous research, we observed primacy effects for both subjects (i.e., the magnitude of the resurgence of problem behavior was greater than it was for any subsequently trained mand), and mand resurgence never occurred for one subject. Notwithstanding these limitations, the percentage of total responding allocated toward the resurgence of problem behavior was less in the serial FCT component relative to the traditional FCT component, and we observed a reversion of response resurgence for one subject. 相似文献
168.
Erika Litvin Bloom Haruka Minami Richard A. Brown David R. Strong Deborah Riebe Ana M. Abrantes 《Psychology, health & medicine》2017,22(9):1127-1135
Quitting smoking and aerobic exercise each improve health. Although smokers may be concerned that quitting smoking will reduce their quality of life (QOL), recent research has shown that cessation is associated with QOL benefits. Elements of smoking cessation interventions, such as exercise, may contribute to changes in QOL. However, it is unknown whether initiating exercise in the context of smoking cessation is associated with greater or different effects on QOL than smoking cessation alone. The current study is a secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial (n = 61) of an exercise intervention for smoking cessation. We hypothesized that smoking abstinence and engagement in exercise would have positive, additive effects on QOL at end-of-treatment, 6- and, 12-month follow-ups. Sedentary adult smokers were randomized to the exercise intervention or a health education control (HEC) group. Additionally, all participants received smoking cessation counseling and nicotine patches. Data were analyzed using actual engagement in exercise, rather than group assignment as a proxy for exercise engagement, because some HEC participants also began exercising. Abstinence was positively associated with higher total and physical health QOL at follow-up. Exercise was not associated with total QOL and only marginally associated with physical health QOL, but was positively related to overall sense of well-being. Emphasizing that smoking cessation is associated with higher QOL may help motivate smokers to initiate quit attempts. 相似文献
169.
Preliminary evaluation of an after-school resistance training program for improving physical fitness in middle school-age boys 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Faigenbaum AD McFarland JE Johnson L Kang J Bloom J Ratamess NA Hoffman JR 《Perceptual and motor skills》2007,104(2):407-415
Most after-school physical activity programs for youth focus on aerobic games and activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an after-school resistance training program on improving the physical fitness of middle school-age boys. 22 boys (M = 13.9 yr., SD = .4 yr.) participated in a periodized, multiple-set, 9-wk. (2x/week) resistance training program. All subjects were pre- and post-tested on their 10-repetition maximum squat, 10-repetition maximum bench press, vertical jump, medicine ball toss, flexibility, and also percentage of body fat and the progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER). Statistical analysis indicated that subjects significantly improved performance on the squat (19%), bench press (15%), flexibility (10%), vertical jump (5%), medicine ball toss (12%), and the PACER (36%). Although this design minus a control group limits interpretation, this after-school resistance-training program can improve muscular fitness and cardiovascular fitness in boys and should be replicated with appropriate experimental controls. 相似文献
170.