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141.
The precedence of binocular fusion over binocular rivalry 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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Using temporally-lagged data from 146 business and engineering newcomers, we found evidence for a “positive side” of plasticity theory (Brockner, 1988, p. 547) in fostering newcomer adjustment. Specifically, as predicted, we found that higher newcomer generalized self-efficacy positively moderates the association between job design (i.e., task significance of the newcomer's job) and newcomer attitudes (in our study, organizational identification, job satisfaction, intentions to quit). Our findings promote plasticity theory as readily applicable to both newcomer adjustment and positive organizational scholarship. 相似文献
146.
We investigated changes in bias (preference for one response alternative) in signal detection when relative reinforcer frequency for correct responses varied across sessions. In Experiment 1, 4 rats responded in a two-stimulus, two-response identification procedure employing temporal stimuli (short vs. long houselight presentations). Relative reinforcer frequency varied according to a 31-step pseudorandom binary sequence and stimulus duration difference varied over two values across conditions. In Experiment 2, 3 rats responded in a five-stimulus, two-response classification procedure employing temporal stimuli. Relative reinforcer frequency was varied according to a 36-step pseudorandom ternary sequence. Results of both experiments were analyzed according to a behavioral model of detection. The model was extended to incorporate the effects of current and previous session reinforcer frequency ratios on current-session performance. Similar to findings with concurrent schedules, effects on bias of relative reinforcer frequency were highest for the current session. However, carryover from reinforcer ratios of previous sessions was evident. Generally, the results indicate that bias can come under control of frequent changes in relative reinforcer frequency in both identification and classification procedures. 相似文献
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Paul F. Sowman Stephen Crain Elisabeth Harrison Blake W. Johnson 《Journal of Fluency Disorders》2012,37(4):359-365
While stuttering is known to be characterized by anomalous brain activations during speech, very little data is available describing brain activations during stuttering. To our knowledge there are no reports describing brain activations that precede blocking. In this case report we present magnetoencephalographic data from a person who stutters who had significant instances of blocking whilst performing a vowel production task. This unique data set has allowed us to compare the brain activations leading up to a block with those leading up to successful production. Surprisingly, the results are very consistent with data comparing fluent production in stutterers to controls. We show here that preceding a block there is significantly less activation of the left orbitofrontal and inferiorfrontal cortices. Furthermore, there is significant extra activation in the right orbitofrontal and inferiorfrontal cortices, and the sensorimotor and auditory areas bilaterally. This data adds weight to the argument forwarded by Kell et al. (2009) that the best functional sign of optimal repair in stutterering is activation of the left BA 47/12 in the orbitofrontal cortex.Educational objectives: At the end of this activity the reader will be able to (a) identify brain regions associated with blocked vocalization, (b) discuss the functions of the orbitofrontal and inferior frontal cortices in regard to speech production and (c) describe the usefulness and limitations of magnetoencephalography (MEG) in stuttering research. 相似文献
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MG Blake MM Boccia MC Krawczyk A Delorenzi CM Baratti 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2012,98(2):112-121
It is widely known that pre-training systemic administration of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine (SCP) (0.5mg/kg, i.p.) leads to anterograde memory impairment in retention tests. The administration of the α(7)-nicotinic receptor agonist choline (Ch) in the dorsal hippocampus (0.8μg/hippocampus) immediately after memory reactivation allowed recovery from scopolamine-induced memory impairment. This effect of Ch was time-dependent, and retention performance was not affected in drug-treated mice that were not subjected to memory reactivation, suggesting that the performance effects are not due to non-specific effects of the drug. The effects of Ch also depended on the age of the reactivated memory. Altogether, our results suggest that Ch exerts its effects by modulating memory reconsolidation, and that the memory impairment induced by low doses of SCP is a memory expression failure and not a storage deficit. Therefore, reconsolidation, among other functions, might serve to change memory expression in later tests. Summarizing, our results open new avenues about the behavioral significance and the physiological functions of memory reconsolidation, providing new strategies for recovering memories from some types of amnesia. 相似文献
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Bagner DM Rodríguez GM Blake CA Linares D Carter AS 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2012,15(2):113-128
Behavioral and emotional problems are highly prevalent in early childhood and represent an important focus of practice for
clinical child and pediatric psychologists. Although psychological or psychiatric disorders are not typically diagnosed in
children under the age of 2 years, recent research has demonstrated the appropriateness of assessing behavioral and emotional
problems during the first 2 years of life (defined throughout as “infancy”). The current paper provides a systematic review
of assessment procedures used to identify behavioral and emotional problems during infancy. Existing assessment procedures
for infants take the form of parent- or caregiver-report questionnaires, observational coding procedures, and diagnostic classification
systems. The questionnaires and observational coding procedures both had substantial psychometric evidence for use with infants,
although observational coding may have limited utility in clinical practice. The classification systems have less empirical
support for use with infants, and further research is necessary to demonstrate the appropriateness of these procedures with
infants. Utilizing the reviewed procedures to assess behavioral and emotional problems in infants can have a substantial impact
in research and practice settings, and further research is needed to determine the usefulness of these procedures in developing,
testing, and implementing preventive and early intervention programs for infants and their families. 相似文献
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