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121.
Irene V. Blair Kristine M. Chapleau Charles M. Judd 《European journal of social psychology》2005,35(1):59-68
Prior research has shown that within racial category, group members with more Afrocentric facial features are presumed to have more stereotypic traits than those with less Afrocentric features. The present experiment investigated whether this form of feature‐based stereotyping occurs when more diagnostic information is available. The participants were provided with photographs and information about the aggressive (or non‐aggressive) behaviour of 64 African Americans in four different situations, and asked to predict the likelihood of aggression in a fifth situation. As expected, each instance of aggression increased estimates that a target would behave aggressively in the unknown situation. With degree of displayed aggression controlled, however, targets with more Afrocentric features were judged as significantly more likely to behave aggressively than targets with less Afrocentric features. Thus, stereotyping based on Afrocentric features occurs even when other obviously‐relevant information is available. This suggests that it may be difficult to detect and avoid. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
122.
Gary Blau Lynne Andersson Kathleen Davis Tom Daymont Arthur Hochner Karen Koziara Jim Portwood Blair Holladay 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2008,72(1):123-142
A model is presented showing hypothesized common and parallel antecedents of employee organizational development activity (ODA) versus professional development activity (PDA). A common antecedent is expected to affect both ODA and PDA, while a parallel antecedent is expected to affect its corresponding work referent. This model was tested using a sample of 197 medical technologists over a four year time period. Prior ODA and PDA were controlled for before testing hypotheses. Results showed that the common antecedent of learning motivation was a robust indicator of both ODA and PDA. Looking at parallel antecedents, job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment had a positive impact on ODA, while occupational satisfaction and affective occupational commitment had a positive impact on PDA. ODA had a negative impact on subsequent intent to leave organization, but PDA did not have a similar impact on intent to leave profession. Study limitations, issues around operationalizing ODA and PDA, and future research directions are discussed. 相似文献
123.
Blair C Granger DA Kivlighan KT Mills-Koonce R Willoughby M Greenberg MT Hibel LC Fortunato CK;Family Life Project Investigators 《Developmental psychology》2008,44(4):1095-1109
Relations of maternal and child characteristics to child cortisol reactivity to and recovery from emotional arousal were examined prospectively at approximately 7 months of age (infancy) and then again at approximately 15 months of age (toddlerhood). The sample was diverse and population based (N = 1,292 mother-infant dyads) and included families from predominantly low-income, rural communities. Maternal behavior, family income-to-need ratio and social advantage, and child temperament, attention, and mental development were assessed, and children's saliva was sampled before and after standardized procedures designed to elicit emotional arousal. Maternal engagement in infancy was associated with greater cortisol reactivity at the infancy assessment and with reduced overall cortisol level at the toddler assessment. Also at the toddler assessment, child attention, mental development, and temperamental distress to novelty were associated with increased cortisol reactivity and regulation, whereas temperamental distress to limitations and African American ethnicity were associated with reduced cortisol reactivity. Findings are consistent with prior work linking early caregiving to the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress response system and with a conceptual model in which developing temperament is characterized by the interplay of emotional reactivity and the emergence of the ability to effortfully regulate this reactivity using attention. 相似文献
124.
S. Berthoz R.J.R. Blair G. Le Clec'h J.‐L. Martinot 《International journal of psychology》2002,37(4):193-203
Recent developments in functional imaging techniques, such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), allow us to characterize more precisely the functional neuroanatomy mediating emotional responding. This corpus of studies has led to the development of affective neuroscience. First, we present a summary of the studies aimed at understanding the underlying mechanisms of the emotional response, which were conducted prior to the use of the brain imaging techniques. Then, this paper reviews the studies investigating the neural substrates implicated in the processing of facial expressions and those implicated in the production of experimentally induced emotional responses. This review of the literature includes a meta‐analysis of eight studies using PET and one fMRI study reporting the neural correlates of experimentally induced emotions in healthy individuals. The methods and results of these studies are described through figures drawn from the reported Talairach's coordinates depicting the cerebral regions activated in relation to different experimental conditions. The implications of the results and the role of the cerebral structures that have been identified are discussed. As regards the studies on the neural bases of the processing of facial expressions of emotion, there are separable neural circuits that are involved in mediating responding to differing categories of facial expressions of emotion. Fearful expressions have relatively consistently been found to activate the amygdala, as, occasionally, have sad and happy expressions. The anterior insula and the putamen seem to be particularly involved in disgust expression recognition, whereas the facial expression of anger seems to be predominantly associated with anterior cingular and orbitofrontal cortex activity. Among the cerebral structures that have appeared to be activated by experimentally induced emotions, the anterior cingulate cortex seems to play a specific role in representing subjective emotional responses. 相似文献
125.
Blair E. Wisco Susan Nolen-Hoeksema 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2009,27(3):144-159
Rumination is a response to distress in which individuals focus repetitively on their feelings and the causes and consequences
of those feelings. When induced to ruminate, dysphorics exhibit more negative mood and recall more negative memories, but
these effects are not seen in nondysphorics. This pattern of results could be due to trait-like differences between dysphoric
and nondysphoric individuals, or to the high levels of negative affect that dysphorics are experiencing at the time of rumination.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of pre-rumination mood on post-rumination mood and subsequent memory.
Participants scoring high or low in depressive symptoms were assigned to either a positive or negative emotion induction prior
to ruminating and completing an autobiographical memory task. Analysis of self-reported mood indicates that both emotion inductions
were effective. Surprisingly, all participants returned to baseline mood levels following the rumination induction, and emotion
induction had no effect on the negativity of the memories recalled. Dysphorics recalled significantly more negative memories
than nondysphorics, regardless of whether positive, neutral, or negative memories were specifically prompted. Our results
indicated that the prolonged experience of dysphoria may have greater effects on post-rumination mood and memory than the
transitory experience of sadness. 相似文献
126.
Eslinger PJ Blair C Wang J Lipovsky B Realmuto J Baker D Thorne S Gamson D Zimmerman E Rohrer L Yang QX 《Brain and cognition》2009,69(1):1-10
To investigate maturational plasticity of fluid cognition systems, functional brain imaging was undertaken in healthy 8-19 year old participants while completing visuospatial relational reasoning problems similar to Raven's matrices and current elementary grade math textbooks. Analyses revealed that visuospatial relational reasoning across this developmental age range recruited activations in the superior parietal cortices most prominently, the dorsolateral prefrontal, occipital-temporal, and premotor/supplementary cortices, the basal ganglia, and insula. There were comparable activity volumes in left and right hemispheres for nearly all of these regions. Regression analyses indicated increasing activity predominantly in the superior parietal lobes with developmental age. In contrast, multiple anterior neural systems showed significantly less activity with age, including dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal, paracentral, and insula cortices bilaterally, basal ganglia, and particularly large clusters in the midline anterior cingulate/medial frontal cortex, left middle cingulate/supplementary motor cortex, left insula-putamen, and left caudate. Findings suggest that neuromaturational changes associated with visuospatial relational reasoning shift from a more widespread fronto-cingulate-striatal pattern in childhood to predominant parieto-frontal activation pattern in late adolescence. 相似文献
127.
128.
The separate questions on an essay test or the individual judges on a rater panel may constitute congeneric parts rather than
tau-equivalent parts. Also, it may be necessary to infer the lengths of the congeneric parts from their variances and covariances,
rather than from some obvious feature of each part, such as the range of possible scores. Cronbach's alpha coefficient applied
to such part-tests data will underestimate total score reliability. Several reliability coefficients are developed for such
instruments. They may be regarded as extensions of the coefficient developed by Kristof for a three-part test. 相似文献
129.
William P. Paré Ph.D. Greg R. Blair Joseph Kluczynski Shanaz Tejani-Butt 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1999,34(4):227-241
While females are considered more susceptible to depressive behavior, this assertion is not strongly supported by the experimental
literature. Since stress contributes to depressive behavior, male and female Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were exposed to either
one session (acute stress) or 5 sessions (chronic stress) of restraint plus cold in order to study depressive behavior in
male and female rats. After their respective treatment exposure, rats were tested in the open field test (OFT) and for retention
of a passive-avoidance (P-A) task. One stress session resulted in significant immobility in the OFT for males, whereas 5 sessions
were required to produce similar immobility in female rats. Acute stress interfered with the retention of the P-A response
for males, while both acute and chronic stress produced poor P-A responses in female rats. Food consumption decresed, progressively,
as a function of stress sessions, in female rats, whereas feeding in males returned to control levels after five stress days.
Both acute and chronic stress exacerbated the stress ulcer response in male rats, but not in female rats. Chronic, but not
acute, stress resulted in an increase in serotonin transporter mRNA levels in the dorsal raphe nucleus of both male and, female
rats. The general consensus from these data suggested that female rats were more vulnerable to chronic stress and consequently
supported the notion that females may be more susceptible to stress induced behavioral depression. 相似文献
130.
Lynch TR Rosenthal MZ Kosson DS Cheavens JS Lejuez CW Blair RJ 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2006,6(4):647-655
Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have been hypothesized to exhibit significant problems associated with emotional sensitivity. The current study examined emotional sensitivity (i.e., low threshold for recognition of emotional stimuli) in BPD by comparing 20 individuals with BPD and 20 normal controls on their accuracy in identifying emotional expressions. Results demonstrated that, as facial expressions morphed from neutral to maximum intensity, participants with BPD correctly identified facial affect at an earlier stage than did healthy controls. Participants with BPD were more sensitive than healthy controls in identifying emotional expressions in general, regardless of valence. These findings could not be explained by participants with BPD responding faster with more errors. Overall, results appear to support the contention that heightened emotional sensitivity may be a core feature of BPD. 相似文献